Thermodynamic of metals

Uusitalo, E. and Heinanen, J., Corrosion of Steel in Soft Waters , Corros. Sci., 2, 281 (1962) Littlewood, R., Diagrammatic Representation of the Thermodynamics of Metal-fused Chloride Systems , J. Electrochem. Soc., 109, 525 (1962)... 

It is important to recognize some of the limitations of the Pourbaix diagrams. One factor which has an important bearing on the thermodynamics of metal ions in aqueous solutions is the presence of complex ions. For example, in ammoniacal solutions, nickel, cobalt, and copper are present as complex ions which are characterized by their different stabilities from hydrated ions. Thus, the potential-pH diagrams for simple metal-water systems are not directly applicable in these cases. The Pourbaix diagrams relate to 25 °C but, as is known, it is often necessary to implement operation at elevated temperatures to improve reaction rates, and at elevated temperatures used in practice the thermodynamic equilibria calculated at 25 °C are no longer valid. 

Bygrave, G., "Thermodynamics of Metal Partitioning in Kraft Pulps , M.A.Sc. Thesis, Dept of Chemical and Bio-Resource Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, BC, Canada, 1997. 

Ercolani G (2006) Thermodynamics of Metal-Mediated Assemblies of Porphyrins 121 167— 215... 

Daughney CJ, Fein JB, Yee N (1998) A comparison of the thermodynamics of metal adsorption onto two common bacteria. Chem Geol 144 161-176... 

Macdonald, D.D., Shierman, G.R., and Butler, P., "The Thermodynamics of Metal-Water Systems at Elevated Temperatures. 

U. Wahlgren, and 1. Grenthe, Chelate Effect and Thermodynamics of Metal Complex Formation in Solution A Quantum Chemical Study, J. Am. Chem. 

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