Thermal Stability Atomic Cohesive Energy

Critical temperature for phase transition depends on the atomic cohesive energy that is the product of bond number and bond energy. 

The skin of a solid generally melts prior to the bulk (supercooling) and some interfaces melt at temperatures higher than the bulk melting point (superheating). 

Group Ilia and IVa atomic clusters show superheating because of the bond 

A dual-shell model describes the Tq for ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and superconductive phase transitions because of the involvement of both the long-and the short-range interactions. 

Activation energy for diffusion and epitaxial growth is proportional to the atomic cohesive energy growing temperature controls the crystal size and associated properties. 

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Critical temperatures (Tc) that are related to atomic cohesive energy represent the thermal stability of a specimen such as solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, or ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and superconductive phase transitions, or glass transition in amorphous states. 

Compression-elevated bond energy compensates for the size reduction-lowered atomic cohesive energy to maintain the thermal stability. The energetic disparity between the skin and the bulk originate such anomalies, which bulk materials do not demonstrate, and the mechanism is beyond the scope of the classical theories of thermodynamics. 

The mechanical strength and elastic modulus of a substance are proportional to the sum of binding energy per unit volume. Atomic cohesive energy determines the thermal stability. Mechanical strength of a substance couples with its thermal stability closely. 

Binding energy density determines the mechanical strength and elasticity and the atomic cohesive energy determines the thermal stability of a substance. Intrinsic competition between the cohesive energy and energy density originates and the extrinsic competition between activation and accumulation of atomic dislocation activates the IHPR. 

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