Thermal gradient focusing

Isoelectric focusing is a well documented technique that uses carrier ampholytes (Rilbe, 1973 Fawcett, 1975). A pH gradient can also be created using a thermal gradient in ordinary buffers (Luner and... 

Thermal gradient unit, for low-temperature isoelectric focusing, 143 Thrombus, formation of, protein interface role in, 321-322... 

If attention is now focused on the linear domain of irreversible processes, the kinetic equation and (3) may be systematically expanded in powers of the external constraints (external fields, thermal gradients). In this way, closed equations are obtained forand the first-order deviations of/... 

The model serves to focus attention on the need to reduce thermal lag as much as possible. Although the contribution to thermal lag from the instrument is fixed by the nature of its design the practitioner has some control over the contribution from the sample and crucible. For example, the use of small samples and slow heating or cooling rates, good contact between the sample and crucible and between the crucible and the temperature sensor will all reduce thermal gradients. 

Let us now discuss what oscillatory motions and waves could be expected in a Benard layer. To do this we focus on the various time scales involved in the problem. When the liquid layer is heated from the air side or open to suitable mass adsorption of a light component from a vapor phase above, with subsequent absorption in the bulk, a (stabilizing) thermal gradient... 

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