Theory of electromagnetic waves

The problem consists in finding as precisely as possible the discontinuity position and in estimating its sub-surface depth. For this reason, a method has been developed based on the general theory of electromagnetic wave diffraction on the discontinuity [6], [7]. 

A scientist s credo might be One measurement is no measurement. Thus, take a few measurements and divine the truth This is an invitation for discussions, worse yet, even disputes among scientists. Science thrives on hypotheses that are either disproven or left to stand in the natural sciences that essentially means experiments are re-mn. Any insufficiency of a model results in a refinement of the existing theory it is rare that a theory completely fails (the nineteenth-century luminiferous ether theory of electromagnetic waves was one such, and cold fusion was a more shortlived case). 

H. Papas, Theory of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Dover, New York, 1988. 

THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION, Charles Her-ach Papas. Graduate-level study discusses the Maxwell field equations, radiation from wire antennas, the Doppler effect and more, xiii + 244pp. 5b x 8b. 

Theory of Crystal Dislocations, F.R.N. Nabarro. (65488-5) 18.95 Theory of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Charles Hcrach Papas. (65678-0) 6.95... 

In the macroscopic theory of electromagnetic waves [3], the evanescent wave (EW) arises from the requirement that the boundary conditions be satisfied at all points on the flat (ideal) interface between two materials of different optical properties that are uniform throughout the materials. The spatial functions in the exponents describing propagation of plane waves in each material are set equal... 

All the considerations that follow are only valid for radiation that is stimulated thermally. Radiation is released from all bodies and is dependent on their material properties and temperature. This is known as heat or thermal radiation. Two theories are available for the description of the emission, transfer and absorption of radiative energy the classical theory of electromagnetic waves and the quantum theory of photons. These theories are not exclusive of each other but instead supplement each other by the fact that each describes individual aspects of thermal radiation very well. 

In view of the experimental difficulties a theory for radiation properties is desirable. The classical theory of electromagnetic waves from J.C. Maxwell (1864), links the emissivity e x with the so-called optical constants of the material, the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k, that can be combined into a complex refractive index n = n — ik. The optical constants depend on the temperature, the wavelength and electrical properties, in particular the electrical resistivity re of the material. In addition, the theory delivers, in the form of Fresnel s equations, an explicit dependence of the emissivity on the polar angle / , whilst no dependence on the circumferential angle ip appears, as isotropy has been assumed. 

Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory, Ronold W. P. King. 3.00 Transmission Line Theory, Ronold W. P. King. 2.75 Introduction to Physics, A. Kitaigorodsky. 3.00 The Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, edited by Morris Kline. 3.00... 

From Maxwell s theory of electromagnetic waves it follows that the relative permittivity of a material is equal to the square of its refractive index measured at the same frequency. Refractive index given by Table 1.2 is measured at the frequency of the D line of sodium. Thus it gives the proportion of (electronic) polarizability still effective at very high frequencies (optical frequencies) compared with polarizability at very low frequencies given by the dielectric constant. It can be seen from Table 1.2 that the dielectric constant is equal to the square of the refractive index for apolar molecules whereas for polar molecules the difference is mainly because of the permanent dipole. In the following discussion the Clausius-Mossoti equation will be used to define supplementary terms justifying the difference between the dielectric constant and the square of the refractive index (Eq. (29) The Debye model). 

In microwave drying, the heat source term is specified on the basis of Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves. 

The heat source Q from dissipation of mechanical energy can be considered as very small in comparison with the heat supplied from external sources, and therefore we neglect this term in further considerations. The volumetric heat supply due to microwave radiation is determined on the basis of the theory of electromagnetic waves, and can be expressed as ... 

The intensity signal produced by the detector does not provide a direct measurement of the particle concentration, as it also depends on the particle mass and, in the case of light extinction, on the particle size itself. The signal can be related to the particle concentration using the theory of electromagnetic waves and particle interactions. The intensity, I, transmitted by a uniform dispersion illuminated by monochromatic light of intensity Iq is given by Beer s law. 

C. Muller, Foundations of the Mathematical Theory of Electromagnetic Waves (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1969)... 

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