The three stages of sintering

Solid phase sintering 3.5.1. The three stages of sintering 

Solid phase sintering refers to the case where no hquid phase has been identified (but observations through electronic microscopy in transmission sometimes show the presence of a veiy small quantity of hquid phase, for example due to a 

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Identify the three stages of sintering, and describe how surface energy drives each process. 

The shrinkage that often accompanies densification is controlled by different mechanisms in the three stages of sintering. In the initial stage of sintering, the linear shrinkage, AL/Lq, is described by... 

Analytical sintering models are based on the idealized models for the three stages of sintering shown in Fig. 8.8. Because the vacancy concentration under the neck surface is not affected by the external stress, Eq. (5.134) is still valid, i.e., there is... 

Figure 2. Schematic diagram illustrating the three stages of liquid phase sintering, with the dominant mechanisms and processes for each stage. (After Ref 1.)...

Since the development of the classical model and theory, almost all of the phenomena and kinetics of liquid phase sintering have been explained and analysed in terms of the three-stage model and theory. In particular, the theory of the second stage, contact flattening theory, has been the standard theory of liquid phase sintering for decades, despite doubts raised by some research-ergi3,i5,i6,i05,i06 validity of the basic assumptions. Modified contact... 

Some of the main parameters associated with the three idealized stages of sintering are summarized in Table 8.4, and examples of the microstmctures (planar section) of real powder compacts in the initial, intermediate, and final stages are shown in Fig. 8.9. 

Conventional sintering of ceramic membranes consists of three major steps initial, intermediate, and final sintering. The parameters associated with the stages of sintering for polycrystalline solids [51] are listed in Table 10.2. 

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