The Thermodynamics of Real Systems

The second law of thermodynamics provides the general criterion for possible processes The entropy of the universe cannot decrease. 

This general criterion can he used to derive criteria for spontaneous processes in a system under various circumstances. 

The Gihhs and Helmholtz energies provide information about the maximum amount of work that can be done by a system. 

General equations for the differentials of various thermodynamic functions can be written from the hrst and second laws. 

Thermodynamic equations for practical applications can be obtained from these general equations. 

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