The Problem of Translating Microscopic to Macroscopic Optical Nonlinearity

The Problem of Translating Microscopic to Macroscopic Optical Nonlinearity 

From 1990 to 1997, a number of chromophores with ever improving pp values were synthesized by research groups led by Alex Jen, Seth Marder, Tobin Marks, Tony Garito and many others [2, 3, 5, 63]. Unfortunately, these chromophores did not translate to materials with ever-increasing electro-optic activity. Thus, as late as 1997, it was not clear that any organic material had surpassed the elec- 

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