The Applied Voltage

DM-/6-CD, 2,6-di-0-methyl-)6-cyclodextriii HP-/6-CD hydroxypropyl-/6-cyclodextrin TM-j6-CD, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-/6-cyclodextrin 2,2-CPPA 2-(2-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid 2,3-CPPA, 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid 2,4-CPPA, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid 2-PPA, 2-phenoxypropionic acid. 

In general, at high temperature the viscosity of the BGE decreases, which results in a short analysis time and poor resolution. Also, it is important to note that when the sample introduction is hydrostatic, the sample volume increases at a higher temperature, which sometimes results in poor resolution. At high temperature, concurrent changes in the buffer pH and peak broadening also occur. Briefly, temperature variation can be used to optimize chiral resolution by CE, but it has not been used as a routine optimization parameter, because control of the experimental temperature is difficult in the present CE model. However, Mechref and El Rassi [40] studied the effect of temperature on the chiral resolution of herbicides the 

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The situation in figure C2.8.5(b) is different in that, in addition to the mechanism in figure C2.8.5(a), reduction of the redox species can occur at the counter-electrode. Thus, electron transfer tlirough the layer may not be needed, as film growth can occur with OH species present in the electrolyte involving a (field-aided) deprotonation of the film. The driving force is provided by the applied voltage, AU. 

In the laboratory, it has been found that similar effects can be produced if a voltage is applied between two electrodes immersed in a gas. The nature of the laboratory or instrumental discharge depends critically on the type of gas used, the gas pressure, and the magnitude of the applied voltage. The actual electrical and gas pressure conditions determine whether or not the discharge is called a corona, a plasma, or an arc. 

In Figure 6.4, the two electrodes are marked as cathode and anode, arising from the application of an external voltage between them. Before any discharge occurs, the electric-field gradient between the electrodes is uniform and is simply the applied voltage divided by the their separation distance, as shown in Figure 6.7. 

This depends upon the applied voltage, i.e. type of switching, starting torque of the motor, counter-torque... 

Figure 6.43 Speed control by varying the applied voltage (use of higher-slip motors)...

The HV test should be performed first by applying r.m.s. value (2 -i- I) kV for one minute, as shown in Table 11.4 between coil terminals and ground. Then the applied voltage should be increased at I kV/s up to 2(2 F,- + I) kV, and then reduced instantly at least at I kV/s to zero. If there is no failure, the test will be considered as successful, fulfilling the requirement of column 4, of Table 11.6. This procedure would give a test voltage equivalent to 2 l2 (2V, + I) kV, which is even more than the values of column 4, i.e. > (4V + 5) kV. 

These reactances are measured by creating a fault, similar to the method discussed in Section 14.3.6. The only difference now is that the fault is created in any of the phases at an instant, when the applied voltage in that phase is at its peak, i.e. at Vni- so that the d.c. component of the short-circuit current is zero and the waveform is symmetrical about its axis, as shown in Figure 13.19,... 

When the short-circuit occurs at a current zero, i.e., when the applied voltage is almost at its peak, the voltage and current waves will follow Figure 13.19, the cuiTent lagging the voltage by almost 84°. The current will now be almost symmetrical. 

Note The phasor diagram is drawn taking the applied voltage I/, as the reference phasor. It can also be drawn taking the primary induced emf V as the reference. The logic to the diagram and the subsequent results shall however, remain the same. 

In this switching, the cumulative effect of the applied voltage and the trapped charge of the already charged capacitors is of little relevance but the resultant eurrent is extremely high as derived below. 

Dielectric Strength lEC 243-1. This is a measure of the dielectric breakdown resistance of a material under an applied voltage. The applied voltage just before breakdown is divided by the specimen thickness to give the value in kV/mm. Since, however, the result depends on the thickness this should also be specified. 

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