Tertiary or quaternary amines

Following cleavage with hydrogen fluoride, the various classes of peptides were separated in a one-step purification procedure on a tertiary or quaternary amine column. After removal of the Sulfmoc group with 5% TEA, homogeneous Leu-Ala-Gly-Val, for example, was obtained. The Sulfmoc procedure was also very effective for purification of synthetic thymosin oq (28 residues). 87 This was the first use of an Fmoc derivative for selective and reversible orthogonal peptide purification. 

Many opium-derived and other IQs are psychoactive, the best known being the analgesic, addictive, narcotic, opium-derived morphinan alkaloids codeine and morphine (heroin being the semi-synthetic diacetate of morphine). The tertiary or quaternary amine structural component is important for the activity of some Erytkrina alkaloids and bisbenzyliso-quinolines (notably the major curare component (+)-tubocurarine) as antagonists of the nACh-R involved in neuronal excitation of skeletal muscle. The planar disposition of some polycyclic benzophenanthridines enables intercalation (parallel interleaving) between the base pairs of DNA. A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic IQ compounds are protein kinase inhibitors. 

The cationic head group that is responsible for the complexation of the liposome with the negatively charged DNA. The cationic group is a singly or multiply charged primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. The common counterions found with the cationic lipids are the bromide, chloride, or trifluoroacetate anion. 

Virtually all of the reported work to date has been with organic species such as amines and amino-acids, which can be dissolved in the form of salts and then form onium compounds by ion-exchange with cations on the clay surfaces. The main variables are the number of chains attached to the nitrogen of the amine, (i.e., is it a primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine ), the length distribution and branching of these chains, whether they are simple hydrocarbons or carry some other functionality such as carboxylic acid or unsaturation and finally, their concentration on the filler surface. 

Starch is reacted with tertiary or quaternary amine halides or epoxides under alkaline conditions. The cationic starches improve sheet strength, possibly through ionic bonding with slightly anionic paper. The cationic starches are also used in bottle-labeling adhesives and in paperboard. 

---