Ternary phase diagrams stability

It was shown some time ago that one can also use a similar thermodynamic approach to explain and/or predict the composition dependence of the potential of electrodes in ternary systems [22-25], This followed from the development of the analysis methodology for the determination of the stability windows of electrolyte phases in ternary systems [26]. In these cases, one uses isothermal sections of ternary phase diagrams, the so-called Gibbs triangles, upon which to plot compositions. In ternary systems, the Gibbs Phase Rule tells us... 

Another important application is the introduction of a thermoplastic such as poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, into an unsaturated polyester resin to improve dimensional stability of the mold part. Keeping in mind (sec. 2.3.2) that an unsaturated polyester is dissolved in styrene, the modifier is the third component and the behavior is described with the help of a ternary-phase diagram (Fig. 8.3, Suspene et al., 1991). 

Nonaqueous microemulsions with nonionic surfactants have been studied. The C12E4 surfactant was found to stabilize microemulsions of formamide and dodecane [138], The ternary phase diagrams were studied at different temperatures and the solubilization of hydrocarbon was shown to be very temperature dependent (Figure 6.7). It was also observed that the temperature intervals of the three-phase regions are dependent on the hydrocarbon used larger aliphatic hydrocarbons... 

Tin additions to lead-calcium alloys change dramatically the method of precipitation and age-hardening from discontinuous precipitation of PbsCa to a mixed discontinuous and continuous precipitation of PbsCa and (PbSn)3Ca and, finally, to a continuous precipitation of SnsCa. Such precipitation reactions have been described for alloys that contain low tin contents [45,48,68-70]. The reactions are not influenced or modifled by impurities in the lead alloys [71,72]. A ternary phase diagram has been proposed [41], which sets the areas of stability of PbsCa, SusCa, and mixed (PbSn)3Ca precipitates, and this is shown in Fig. 2.5. The phase diagram has been conflrmed [73]. 

No ternary phase diagram exists for the Eu-Ca-Si system the stability range of the a-ThSij-type structure was investigated along the concentration section Ca,.. Eu Si2 in the pressure range up to 40 kbar (quenched from 1000-1500°C). For sample preparation, see Eu-Sr-Si. 

Figure 4.13 Ternary phase diagram MgO-AljOj-SiOj. Stability fields of primary phases are labeled in italics, binary and ternary phases are shown in cement chemical notation. The dotted lines indicate...

Figure 12.3 Shape and location of the co-crystal domain in the ternary phase diagram depending on (a) and (b) the relative thermodynamic stability of the co-crystal, (c) and (d) the relative solubility of the two components, and (e) and (f) the types of interaction in solution. The solubilities of the components, the solubility product of the co-crystal, and the virial coefficients for calculating the solubility curves are indicated on the left of each graph (cf.. Equations (12.5) to (12.7)).

T. Rager and R. Hilfiker, Stability domains of multi-component crystals in ternary phase diagrams, Z. Phys. Chem., 2009, 223, 793-813. 

Compositional Stability. The a-2 (TisAi) alloy has a wide range of compositional stabihty with aluminum contents of 22 to 39 at.%. The compound is congruently disordered at a temperature of 1180 °C (2155 °F) and an aluminum content of 32 at.%. The stoichiometric composition, Ti-25A1, is stable up to about 1090 °C (1995 °F) (Ref 4). Ternary phase diagrams centered aroimd the a-2 phase have been a subject of research and debate (Ref 5-8) the Ti-Al-Nb ternary for a-2 alloys at 900 C is well estabhshed (see Ti2Al-Nb (0-Phase) in this introduction). 

The influence of the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of the non-ionic surfactant on the phase behaviour has recently been studied [34-37] with the aim of better understanding the mechanisms of emulsion and suspension stabilization. Ternary phase diagrams for dodecane, water and mixtures of Brij 92, and Brij 96 (polyoxyethylated oleyl alcohol derivatives with oxyethylene chain lengths of 2 and 10, respectively), with a range of HLB values, are shown in Fig. 2.19. The areas of the L2 and the inverse middle phase M2 (an interesting feature of these systems not usually observed in polyoxyethylene non-ionic systems) increase as the HLB increases, reaching a maximum at HLB 8. Maximum water uptake in the L2 phase in 25 %, 40 % and 50 % surfactant solutions in oil as a function of HLB is... 

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