Temporal scaling deviation from

During food engineering operations, many fluids deviate from laminar flow when subjected to high shear rates. The resulting turbulent flow gives rise to an apparent increase in viscosity as the shear rate increases in laminar flow, i.e., shear stress = viscosity x shear rate. In turbulent flow, it would appear that total shear stress = (laminar stress + turbulent stress) x shear rate. The most important part of turbulent stress is related to the eddies diffusivity of momentum. This can be recognized as the atomic-scale mechanism of energy conversion and its redistribution to the dynamics of mass transport processes, responsible for the spatial and temporal evolution of the food system. 

The emphasis in this work has been on the acquisition of simultaneously-obtained instantaneous values of temperature and concentration, with as high a spatial resolution as practical for such experiments. The temporal and spatial resolution requirements result from the necessity to probe within (if at all possible) characteristic turbulence time and length scales. The accuracy of our experiments (which, in any case, utimately depends upon a trade-off with resolution (1)), is considered to be adequate to achieve the diagnostic goal of providing data of value to flame modelers this can be seen by comparison of the fluctuation temperature measurement uncertainty (characterized by a 5-7% standard deviation) with the broad temperature spread of the measured pdf s (extending, in Fig. 4, from values near ambient temperature to values in the vicinity of the adiabatic flame temperature). ... 

Fig. 37. (a) standard deviation map, and (b) temporal autocorrelation functions for data recorded at liquid and gas velocities of 2.0 and 275mm/s, respectively. The grey scale varies between lowest (black) and highest (white) standard deviation values calculated. The temporal autocorrelation functions are shown for regions (i) and (ii) by solid and dashed lines, respectively. Reprinted from Lim et al. (2004), with permission from Elsevier. Copyright (2004). 

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