Temperature electrical sources

By 2015, research and develop high-and ultra-high-temperature thermochemical/electrical processes to convert hydrogen from high temperature heat sources (nuclear or solar) with a projected cost competitive with gasoline. 

In recent years, gas sensors operating at room temperature are becoming increasingly more important in many fields. These sensors can be used as so called "cordless sensors", because they need no external electric sources to heat the sensor elements. Although electrochemical gas sensors which utilize liquid electrolytes are available to detect inorganic gases, e.g., 02, CO, Cl2, H2S, etc. at room temperature (1-3), they often have time-related problems such as leakage and corrosion. The problems are minimized if solid electrolytes are used in place of liquid electrolytes. 

Binary Cycle Generation A method of geothermal electricity generation where lower-temperature geothermal sources are tapped. The geothermal steam source is used to heat another liquid that has a lower boiling point, which then drives the turbine. Also see Flash Steam Generation. ... 

The alternate interface still requires a high temperature heat source to power the heat exchanger HX2 in Figure 2. However, this heat source is now envisioned to be electrical heaters or a hydrogen or natural gas combustor in place of reactor heat. The link to the reactor has been broken allowing for improved temperature control and limiting HX2 to a role as an accident initiator in the chemical plant rather than the combined plant. 

At a number of sites, the hot water produced by the well contains a high concentration of dissolved mineral salts (brine) that cause operational and corrosion problems with the equipment. Disposal of the brine can present a difficult environmental protection challenge. Despite these shortcomings, modest geothermal electric power plants are in operation in New Zealand, Italy and in CaUfomia. Iceland satisfies much of their domestic heat requirements with hot water from low temperature geothermal sources. ... 

Figure 6.8 (on the next page) depicts the preweighed combustible sample in a metal-walled chamber (the bomb), which is filled with oxygen gas and immersed in an insulated water bath fitted with motorized stiirer and thermometer. A heating coil connected to an electrical source ignites the sample, and the heat evolved raises the temperature of the bomb, water, and other calorimeter parts. Because we know the mass of the sample and the heat capacity of the entire calorimeter, we can use the measured AT to calculate the heat released. 

There is a great economic potential of nuclear thermochemical cycles, i.e., the H2 production by means of water and nuclear heat compared with electrolytic H2 from nuclear electricity. The HTGR is typically considered the high temperature heat source of... 

Thus, for electrical sources in thermal equilibrium, the processes of dissociation, excitation, and ionization can be treated as if the gas mixture were contained in a furnace at the same temperature. Excitation is described by the Maxwell-Boltz-mann distribution law (Eqn. 10.2), ionization by the Saha relationship (Eqn. 11.1), and dissociation by the general relationships for chemical equilibrium. 

Since steady state is stipulated, the accumulation of heat is zero. Moreover, there are no chemical, nuclear, or electrical sources specified within the volume element, so heat generation is absent. The only way heat can be exchanged is through the perimeter of the element by way of the temperature difference between wall and fluid. The incremental rate of heat removal can be expressed as a positive quantity using Newton s law of cooling, that is. 

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