Technology secret

Sundar VC, Yablon AD, Grazul JL et al (2003) Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge -some superior technological secrets have come to light from a deep- sea organism. Nature 424 899-900... 

Patents and trade secrets are protected by securing rights to ideas and the appHcation of ideas that have commercial worth. The grant of rights in patents and trade secrets is based on an appreciation of development, advancement, and invention that will stimulate innovation by advancing technology. Patents and trade secrets are two distinct mechanisms for protecting invention vis-a-vis the appHcation of ideas. Both are supported by the poHcies and laws of the United States. 

Some factors to consider when evaluating patent and trade secret protection include (/) the form and content of the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation (2) the desired term of protection (J) the potential for the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation to be the subject of a commercial product (4) work done previously (5) events which have pubHcized or pubHcly disclosed the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation and (6) factors that may be critical to keeping the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation confidential, and what events may necessitate disclosure. 

More than one process is available for some of the vitamins. Further, manufacturers have developed variants of the classical syntheses during Optimization. Whereas some of this information is available, as described in the individual sections on vitamins, much is closely held as trade secrets. Judging from the more recent patent Hterature, the assessment can be made that vitamin production technologies are in general mature. However, the economic value of these products drives continuing research aimed at breakthrough processes. Annual production of vitamins varies gready, from ca 10 metric tons of vitamin B 2 to ca 50,000 metric tons of vitamin C. 

Group II assays consist of those monitoring cellular second messengers. Thus, activation of receptors to cause Gs-protein activation of adenylate cyclase will lead to elevation of cytosolic or extracellularly secreted cyclic AMP. This second messenger phosphorylates numerous cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, which go on to phosphorylate metabolic enzymes and transport and regulatory proteins (see Chapter 2). Cyclic AMP can be detected either radiometrically or with fluorescent probe technology. 

C.K. Shaab et al, Microencapsulation of Selected Flare Materials (U) , National Cash Register Co and Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute for Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Technical Report AFAL-TR-68-25 (March 1969), AD-500878 [Secret report, sections on encapsulation techniques unclassified]... 

The advantages of recombinant DNA technology are enormous, as the following example shows. Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the secretion of pituitary growth hormone. The researchers who first isolated somatostatin required nearly half a million sheep brairrs to produce 5 mg of the substance. Using a chemically synthesized gene, 9... 

The electron paramagnetic resonance effect was discovered in 1944 by E. K. Zavoisky in Kazan, in the Tartar republic of the then-USSR, as an outcome of what we would nowadays call a purely curiosity-driven research program apparently not directly related to WW-II associated technological developments (Kochelaev and Yablokov 1995). However, a surplus of radar components following the end of the war did boost the development of EPR spectroscopy, in particular, after the X-band ( X meaning to be kept a secret from the enemy) was entered in Oxford, U.K., in 1947 (Bagguley and Griffith 1947). 

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