TCA = Tricarboxylic acids

Figure 14.1. Outline of the relationship between glucose metabolism, acetylcholine synthesis and energy production. TCA = tricarboxylic acid ADP = adenosine diphosphate P = inorganic phosphate.

FIGURE 68.3 Ethanol causes hepatic failure. TCA = tricarboxylic acid. 

Fig.l. Biologic and chemical processes for production of R3HB in natural and recombinant bacteria. PhaA,P-ketothiolase PhaB,acetoacetyl-CoA reductase PhaC, PHA synthase Ptb, phosphotransbutyrylase Buk, butyratekinase TCA, tricarboxylic acid. 

The citric acid cycle, also known as the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle or Krebs cycle (after its discoverer in 1937), is used to oxidize the pyruvate formed during the glycolytic breakdown of glucose into C02 and H20. It also oxidizes acetyl CoA arising from fatty acid degradation (Topic K2), and amino acid degradation products (Topic M2). In addition, the cycle provides precursors for many biosynthetic pathways. 

Fig. 13 Relative changes in metabolic fluxes. Relative changes in the metabolic fluxes of B. megaterium WH323 carrying TFH encoding pYYBm9 after induction of recombinant protein production with either glucose (a) or pyruvate (b) as the sole carbon source are given. AcCoA acetyl-coenzyme A Activ activation F6P fructose 6-phosphate G6P glucose 6-phosphate MAL malate OAA oxaloacetate PEP phosphoenolpyruvate PPP pentose phosphate pathway PYR pyruvate TCA tricarboxylic acid. Data adapted from [88]...

TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle) trichloroacetic acid... 

Fig. 12.5. The two main processes identified that lead to the precipitation of calcium carbonate from an oxalate source in oxalotrophic bacteria, the formate and the glyoxylate pathways. TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle GA, glyoxyhc acid cycle EPS, exopolysaccharides 1, oxalate decarboxylation into formate 2, formate dehydrogenation permease/transporters.

Abbreviations TCA tricarboxylic acid a-OG a-oxoglutarate PDC pyruvate dehydrogenase complex... 

TCA Tricarboxylic acid VGLUT Vesicular glutamate transporter... 

Figure 1-2. The fed state. The c/rc/ed numbers serve as a guide, indicating the approximate order in which the processes begin to occur. CHO = carbohydrate TG = triacylglycerols (triglycerides) FA = fatty acids AA = amino acids TCA = tricarboxylic acid cycle RBC = red blood cells VLDL = very low-density lipoprotein I = insulin = stimulated by.

The TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle) is the major energy-producing pathway in the body. The cycle occurs in mitochondria. 

Fig. I. Metabolic map for synthesis and metabolism of glutamate and aspartate. AAT = aspartate aminotransferase AS = asparagine synthetase GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase GDH = glutamate dehydrogenase GS = glutamine synthetase OAT = ornithine D-aminotransferase P5CDH = l-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogena.se PAG = phosphate-activated glutaminase PO = proline oxidase TCA = tricarboxylic acid.

Figure 2 Biosynthetic pathways leading to anthraquinones in the Rubiaceae (E-4-P erythrose 4-phosphate P phosphate residue PEP phosphoenolpyruvate TCA tricarboxylic acid TPP thiamine...

Fig. 39.2 Suggested effects leading to neuroprotective activity of hupA in AD. HupA is considered to modulate the APP processing by inducing the activity of a-secretase. The increased activity of a-secretase causes enhancement of nutritional APP (sAPPa) and consequently inhibition the A[i pathway. These APP-modulating effects are mediated through Ml muscarinic receptor-mediated PKC-dependent cascade and Trk receptor-mediated ERK/MAPK-dependent cascade and caused by increased levels of ACh and NGF in the synaptic junction. Increased release of sAPPa and decreased A(3 release from APP followed by inhibition of A[i fibril formations affects the regulation of the expression of apoptotic proteins, attenuates oxidative stress, and allows the mitochondria, respiratory chain, and TCA cycle to function normally. APP amyloid precursor protein, PKC protein kinase C. ERK extracellular signal-regulating kinase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle)...

Figure 7.7 Common metabolic pathways that are involved in the biosynthesis of PHA in microorganisms. FabC malonyl-CoA acyl carrier protein (ACP) transcylase, FabD malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase, FabG 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, PhaA P-ketothiolase, PhaB NAOH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, PhaC polyhydroxyalkanoates synthase, PhaG 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP GoA transferase, PhaJ (R)-enoyl-GoA hydratase and TCA tricarboxylic acid...

Fig. 5.3 Examples of connections between epigenetics and metabolic pathways. (Abbreviations a-KT a-ketoglutarate AcCoA acetyl coenzyme A AcsCSl acetyl-CoA synthase 1 ACL ATP-citrate lyase ETC electron-transport chain FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide GSH glutathione IDH isocitrate dehydrogenase LDH lactate dehydrogenase NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide SAM5-adenosyl methionine TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle)...

Fig. 15.3 Summary of strategies used to increase CoQlO production in microbes. Numbers in parentheses refer to studies listed in Tables 15.1 and 15.2. Abbreviations GLU glucose, NADPH/ NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADH/NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, G3P glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate, PYR pyruvate, A-CoA acetyl coenzyme A, TCA tricarboxylic acid, E4P erythrose-4-phosphate, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, DMAPP demethylallyl diphosphate, IPP isopentenyl diphosphate, FPP farnesyl diphosphate, DPP decaprenyl diphosphate, PHBpara-hydroxybenzoate, NADH dh NADH dehydrogenase, succ. dh succinate dehydrogenase, ROS reactive oxygen species...

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