Target Level Assessment

This task consists of defining target levels for indoor and outdoor conditions based on requirements for laws and regulations, human health, production processes and equipment, and type of premises and construction. Target levels should also be defined for the ventilation system. For the decision tree, see Fig. 3.6. 

Target levels are needed as a standard to which system solutions are compared. During comparison it may become evident that target levels cannot be achieved with any solution or that they lead to very expensive solutions. In such cases target levels have to be reconsidered (back coupling). 

Clarify requirements due to laws, regulations, standards related to legislation, processes, and equipment. 

FIGURE 3.4 Process description. Division of process into such parts that their inputs, outputs, and target leveis can be specified. A subprocess can be source or separate area/room that is to be protected from its environment. 

Clarify standards not related to legislation, such as those related to human comfort, guidelines, codes of practice, and custom needs. 

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BC 5 Calculation of Total Building Loads — Target Level Assessment... 

The target level assessment process for paper machine halls is the result of long historical development. The performances of installed paper machine hall ventilation systems are measured very often and the results are compared with input data used as the basis for design. As a result of these comparisons corrections are made to the design process as necessary. 

The need for the implementation of target levels for air quality in industrial work rooms stems from different concerns. In addition to technological factors, the systematic design methodology, life cycle assessment, advances in air distribution methods, and increased integration with the process and... 

FIGURE 6.7 Approaches for the assessment of target level air quality. 

The target level procedure was applied to 16 common air contaminants (Table 6.19). These are common contaminants in the industrial environment, and in many cases are the most critical compounds from the viewpoint of need for control measures. The prevailing concentration data as well as the benchmark levels were taken from Nordic databases, mainly the Finnish sources, and described elsewhere.In addition, a general model for assessing target values for other contaminants is presented in the table. 

The previous procedure can be used for assessing target levels for a variety of substances in work rooms with notable contaminant emissions. A different set of target levels has already been proposed for nonoccupied environments. 

TABLE 6.20 Relationship of the Items in Assessing Target Levels... 

A number of limitations related to PK/PD modeling are also a reality in situations where predictability of the animal model to man is questionable, where the time course of the pharmacodynamic effect cannot be assessed for drug candidates and when, for example, no accessible/ valid pharmacodynamic endpoint for PK/PD is available. The relevance of the animal model for human could be addressed to some extent at least by measuring relative potency in animal versus man in vitro. In situations where no relevant PD endpoint is available (e.g., for CNS efficacy models), effects at target level (i.e., enzyme inhibition, receptor occupancy) might represent a valuable alternative. In this context however the level and duration of target effect required for clinical efficacy requires careful considerations. 

Tier 2 produces site-specific target levels (SSTLs) that are protective of human health and the environment, but utilizes more site-specific data than Tier 1. This level of sophistication should address 70-80% of the sites. This more site-specific assessment involves the assumption of reasonable use exposure assumptions, considers actual beneficial uses of resources, and provides a tool for determining points of compliance. 

The class C noteholders benefit from a dynamic spread account. If 3-month average excess spread falls below a predetermined level, the spread account builds from monthly excess spread until the target level is reached. In order to fully understand the protection afforded by the spread account we need to assess the degree to which the spread account traps excess spread. Exhibit 13.10 shows excess spread trigger levels and trapping levels for a typical credit card issue. 

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