Syntheses, chemical environmental friendliness

A wide range of methods have been used to synthesize ceramic powders, with different compositions. Although most of these methods are applicable to transparent ceramic power synthesis, some of them have not been employed in the fabrication of transparent ceramics. Solid-state reaction is still the key method, while wet-chemical routes are increasingly used, whereas gas-phase reactions are only limited to nonoxide ceramics. For large scale applications, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness and less energy consumption, are all very important considerations, when selecting synthetic methods. 

For synthesis of chiral c/5-diols, biotransformations using bacterial strains containing dioxygenase have advantages over purely chemical reactions, including enantiospecificity, high yields, low economic cost, and environmental friendliness (Reddy et al. 1999). And there are two key issues that have to be addressed one is the selection of an appropriate enzyme source and a bacterial strain the other is the development of appropriate process technology (Ballard et al. 1994). 

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