Swelling by water

Figure 9. Effeci on the S/ XS curve of swelling by water of a Cs sulfonated pt rfluorinated ionomer membrane water content is greater in the order 1, 2, 3. (Reproduced from ref. 43. Copyright 1981 American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 12, Equilibrium swelling by water of a Ti dicarboxylatopolybutadiene where the relative change in the separation distance of the ionic domains (d/do) is shown as a function of the macroscopic increase in volume, (Reproduced from ref. 45. Copyright 1986 American Chemical Society.)...

Grain raising n. Swelling and standing up of the wood grain caused by absorbed water or solvent. Roughness of wood caused by the application of stains or other materials. Fibers of the wood raise due to swelling by water or certain solvents. 

On the basis of these data it would appear that the enhanced resistance to hydrolysis may play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of poly I-poly C as an inducer. However, treatment of L-cells with DEAE-Dx before adding the stabilized inducer leads to still higher effectiveness. That the L-cell membranes are modified by treatment with DEAE-Dx is indicated because such treated cells are extremely resistant to swelling by water, and to disruption with a Dounce homogenizer (Levy, Riley and Dianzani, unpublished). 

Figure 4.37. Schematic illustration of the concentration process of different diluted dispersions by means of stimuli-responsive polymer gels. The cycle starts in left up corner the diluted aqueous solution is added on the small gel particles. The gel swells by water absorption but it excludes the voluminous solute. After removing of thus concentrated solution, over the swollen gel particles a small amount of acid is added and the adsorbed water is released due to the gel contraction. After adding of a small amount of base, for carboxylic group ionisation, the gel particles may enter into a new cycle [135].

Polyamide behavior towards aqueous solutions is not always easy to evaluate because of superimposed swelling by water absorption. Water absorption depends on the concentration of the dissolved substance. 

Fig. 9.14. PAA gels with different cross-link densities (260, 433 and 606molm ) Equilibrium degree of swelling by water as a function of the NaCl concentration outside the gel. Prom Schroder and Oppermann [115]...

For example, water can be absorbed into nylon 6/6 by forming hydrogen bonds with the amide groups. At elevated temperatures nylon swells by water absorption. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) becomes increasingly susceptible to attack by aromatic, chlorinated and aliphatic hydrocarbons as the temperature is increased. Attack of LDPE by aliphatic hydrocarbons is an example of dispersion (non-polar) forces. 

Nafion was modified by blending it with Teflon FEP resin. Swelling by water and permeability of such blends to methanol was much lower than that of unmodified Nafion . The proton conductivity of this material was less affected by this treatment [180]. 

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