Surface topography/topology

Noncontact mode (or dynamic force) imaging relies on longer-range molecular forces to obtain surface topology. The cantilever is oscillated at its resonance frequency by a piezoactuator. The surface topography is measured by the shift in cantilever frequency based on tip/sample interactions. Specialized expertise is required to avoid image artifacts. 

Topography - surface topology, watercourses, surrounding property, vegetation, access ... 

LST = Light Scattering Topography (e.g. KLA-Tencor SPl) FIGURE 5.3 Topology map of wafer surface. 

The strong effect of the surface topology on the epitaxial type of transcrystallization of iPP has been described by Hobbs (81,82). The primary factors affecting transcrystallization on the filler surface include temperature gradient near the filler surface, chemical composition of the filler surface, crystalline morphology of the filler surface, surface energy of the filler, adsorption of nucleants presented in the polymer, epitaxy, and topography of the filler (83-86). 

An ideal scaffold should possess a significant amount of porosity (>30%), a large pore size (on the order of tens or hundreds of microns) and a continuous pore structure in order to allow for cell infiltration. Moreover it must be mechanically robust, biodegradable, non-toxic, immunocompatible, and with cell-directing surface chemistry [1] and topology / topography / surface mechanics [2],... 

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