Surface energy and tension

Factors Affecting the Surface Energies and Surface Tensions of Actual Crystals... 

As it stands, eqn. (7.7) contains too many unknowns. But there is one additional piece of information that we can use. The interfacial energies, Ysl> Yes 7cl ct as surface tensions in just the way that a soap film has both a surface energy and a surface tension. This means that the mechanical equilibrium around the edge of the nucleus can be described by the triangle of forces... 

In the same year as Kuezynski s research was published, Shaler (1949), who had done excellent work on measuring surface energies and surface tensions on solid metals, argued that surface tension must play a major part in fostering shrinkage of powder compacts during sintering his paper (Shaler 1949) led to a lively discussion, a feature of published papers in those more spacious days. 

The Good-Girifalco theory [77-82] was originally formulated to make an attempt to correlate the solid-liquid interfacial tension to the solid surface energy and the liquid surface tension through an interaction parameter, basic formulation of the theory is ... 

In Equation (1) we assume particles are spherical with radius r. The chemical potentials are and for the particle and the solvated atoms or molecules, respectively, n is the number of moles per unit volume and a is the surface energy (or tension). Since the particle has formed, we can take the bulk term as negative with Ap = p — Ps<0 hence favorable, but formation of the surface costs energy so is positive and unfavorable. These two functionalities yield a maximum in AG. Differentiation of Equation (1) finds this maximum to be at a critical size Vc given by... 

SURFA TENSION AND SURFACE ENERGY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CHEMICAL PHENOMENA... 

For an isotropic phase there are no differences between surface energy and surface tension. However, for crystals, which are anisotropic in nature, the relationship between these two quantities is significant and also theoretically challenging, see e.g. the recent review by Rusanov [2],... 

Laplace could not express any opinion on the absolute values of the attraction assumed by him. At present, our knowledge of interatomic, interionic, and analogous forces is much greater than 170 years ago, and attempts to calculate surface energies and surface tensions are possible. 

At the critical temperature, Tc, and critical pressure, Pc, a liquid and its vapor are identical, and the surface tension, y, and total surface energy, as in the case of the energy of vaporization, must be zero (Birdi, 1997). At temperatures below the boiling point, which is 2/3 Tc, the total surface energy and the energy of evaporation are nearly constant. The variation in surface tension, y, with temperature is given in Figure A.l for different liquids. 

Sugden J.G.S. cxxv. 1177, 1924 cxxvii. 1525, 1868, 1925) has compared the molecular volumes of substances under conditions such that they possess identical surface tensions and has shown that they are determined by the molecular constitutions of the substances. In obtaining the parachor P Sugden makes use of the approximate relationship between free surface energy and density noted by Macleod Trans. Farad. Soc. xix. 38, 1923) a = c(pi- p y... 

Harkins, W.D. and Brown, F. 1919. The determination of surface tension (free surface energy), and... 

For pure liquids the description becomes much simpler. We start by asking, how is the surface tension related to the surface excess quantities, in particular to the internal surface energy and the surface entropy ... 

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