Surface defects convection flow

Plastics such as SMC, when used as body panels can show defects known as bondline readout (BLRO) (3). BLRO is one form of telegraphing and results from surface tension-gradient flow on the SMC dnring convection heating/cur-ing of the paint. 

Single crystal silicon is one of the important fundamental materials for the modern photovoltaic industry. The Czochralski method of growing single crystal silicon is affected by the thermocapillary convection. Temperature and concentration gradients at the free surface of the melt give rise to surface tension-driven Marangoni flow, which can lead to crystal defects, if it is sufficiently large. 

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