Summary Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

Activating, ortho, para-directing —R,—OR,—OH, —0 , —NR2 (amines, amides) 

If G is not a strong electron-withdrawing group, severe conditions are required, and a benzyne mechanism is involved. 

The benzylic position is activated toward both S, l and S 2 displacements. 

Birch reduction The partial reduction of a benzene ring by sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The products are usually 1,4-cyclohexadienes. (p. 785) 

Clemmensen reduction The reduction of a carbonyl group to a methylene group by zinc amalgam, Zn(Hg), in dilute hydrochloric acid. (p. 778) amalgam An alloy of a metal with mercury. 

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Summary Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 805 EssentialTerms 808 Study Problems 810... 

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