Summary of Functional Groups

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Ciystak of the amide known as acetaminophen (Tylenol) viewed under polarized i ht. The structure of acetaminophen is 

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Aldehydes and Ketones 27-12 Amines 27-13 Carboxylic Acids 27-14 Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids 27-15 Summary of Functional Groups... 

Summary of functional groups. (Based on the table by K.W. Whitten, K.D. Gailey, R.E. Davis, General Chemistry, 4th ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1992.)... 

In summary, as can be seen in the examples depicted above, the resulting allenic [2 + 2]-photocycloadducts have been creatively transformed to a variety of functional groups appropriately positioned for conversion to biologically relevant compounds. In many cases, the stereoselectivities were good, although in most instances the minor by-products obtained during the cycloaddition were not characterized. Hence there is some uncertainty with regard to the structure of these minor by-products. 

Proteins are composed of amino acids. As shown in Figure 1.83, an amino acid has a carboxyl group, an amino group (refer to Table 1.22 for a summary of functional... 

In summary, large molecules tend to be more persistent than smaller ones, though this may be modified by the presence of functional groups, which cause polarization and hydrogen bonding. For an equivalent molecular size, hydrocarbons and ethers are more volatile than aldehydes, ketones, and esters, which are in turn more volatile than alcohols and acids. 

Oleksyn, B. J. Stadnicka, K. SHwinski, J. Structural Chemistry of Enamines A Statistical Approach. In The Chemistry of Enamines [Online] Rappoport, Z., Ed. The Chemistry of Functional Groups Patai, S., Rappoport, Z., Series Eds. Wiley Sons New York, 1994 Chapter 2, pp 87-218. http //www3. interscience.wiley.eom/cgi-bin/summary/109560980/SUMMARY (accessed April 24, 2005). 

The AFDF family of methods and the quantum chemical treatment of functional groups have been reviewed recently [11]. Here only a brief introduction of the notations and a summary of the basic results will be given. 

Benzenesulfenyl chloride can convert unsaturated acids to lactones. The unsaturated acid (7) is treated with benzenesulfenyl chloride, followed by Raney nickel, to afford the y-lactone (8) in excellent overall yield (equation 5). Another acid (9) has been lactonized to produce the spiro- -lactone (10) which rearranges on silica gel to y-lactone (11 equation 6). 8-Lactones have been also prepared using this approach. An additional advantage of this approach is that the phenyl sulfide moiety can be manipulated into a variety of functional groups to facilitate cyclization. In summary, successful cyclization reactions... 

A summary of the content of the series may be found in Patai, S., Patai s 1992 Guide to the Chemistry of Functional Groups, New York, Wiley, 1992. 

A summary is made of the general classes of phenomena which can influence the reactivity of functional groups at heterogeneous interfaces, and potential pitfalls are pointed out in the reliance upon molecular analogy. Experimental results are reviewed pertaining to the thermodynamic and kinetic encounter frequencies of reagents on crosslinked polystyrenes and the chemisorption of olefins on oxide-free surfaces of elemental carbon. 

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