Summary of Attractive Electric Forces

The attractive forces occurring between molecules and ions that we have studied so far are summarized in Table 2.6. 

Organic Templates Engineered to Mimic Bone Growth 

Intermolecularforces play a myriad of roles in life and in the world around us. Intermolecular forces hold together the strands of our DNA, provide structure to our cell membranes, cause the feet of gecko lizards to stick to walls and 

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With this in mind, the impossibility of forming a double layer by electric forces only is obvious. Any ion that may attach to a particle will create a potential that keeps out all other ions of the same sign. Accumulation of a number of identical charges on a surface can take place only if the adsorbing ions experience a non-electric affinity for the surface so that they can move against the adverse potential. The extent to which this occurs depends on the balance between the attractive non-electrostatlc and the repulsive electric forces. In summary the reason for the formation of relaxed double layers is the nonelectric afflnlty of charge-determining ions for a surface the extent to which the double layer develops is determined by the non-electrostatlc electrostatic interaction balance. 

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