Sugar oligosaccharide

Nishio, T., Hakamata, W., Ogawa, M. et al. (2005) Investigations of a useful a-glycosidase for the enzymatic synthesis of rare sugar oligosaccharides. Journal of Applied Glycoscience, 52, 153-160. 

Initially, a 14-sugar oligosaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine, mannose and glucose, known as the precursor oligosaccharide, is added en bloc to the side... 

Recall from Chapter 23.2.4 that humic substances are isolated from seawater by adsorption on a hydrophobic resin followed by elution using solvents of varying pH. The desorbed compounds are fractionated into two classes, humic acids fulvic acids based on their solubility behavior. A model structure for a humic acid is illustrated in Figure 23.10a in which fragments of biomolecules, such as sugars, oligosaccharides. 

The principle that sequences of monomeric subunits are rich in information emerges most fully in the discussion of nucleic acids (Chapter 8). However, proteins and some short polymers of sugars (oligosaccharides) are also information-rich molecules. The amino acid sequence is a form of information that directs the folding of the protein into its unique three-dimensional structure, and ultimately determines the function of the protein. Some oligosaccharides also have unique sequences and three-dimensional structures that are recognized by other macromolecules. 

D-glucosyl-L-arabinose disaccharide by oxidative degradation with nin-hydrin, and this technique may be of value with other amino sugar oligosaccharides. The studies of Rabat and others suggest that, in the... 

See also Biosynthesis of Amino Sugars, Oligosaccharides and Polysacchardies as Cell Markers (from Chapter 9), Dolichol Phosphate... 

Vibrational circular dichroism involves IR absorption bands. The technique has been applied to sugars, oligosaccharides, proteins," and nucleic acids." The related vibrational Raman optical activity has also been applied to polyribonucleotides." ... 

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography can he viewed as an extension of normal-phase chromatography to the retdm of very polar analytes and aqueous mobile phases. Suitable stationary phases are the same as used in normal-phase chromatography. The most important application is the separation of sugars, oligosaccharides, and complex carbohyttotes. 

The components that are re-used by eukaryotes are almost exclusively free sugars oligosaccharides may occasionally act as primers in new synthesis of polysaccharides, but there is little evidence for this as a general mechanism. Higher plants usually have the capacity to re-use a somewhat greater range of... 

Thermal derivatization (or thermochemical reaction) allows detection of zones without the use of reagents. For example, simple heating of amino-modified silica layers causes conversion of sugars, oligosaccharides, creatine, catecholamines, steroid hormones, and other compound types to stable fluorescent compounds. Heating times of 3—45 min and temperatures of 140-200°C have been used for different substances. 

The use, by Paulsen and his colleagues, of 2-azido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl and -o-galactopyranosyl chlorides in the preparation of ac-bonded amino-sugar oligosaccharides is referred to in Chapter 3. An independent paper details the syntheses of a range of such compounds. See Scheme 1 for an example. The... 

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