Succinic formation

The first report of oxidative carbonylation is the reaction of alkenes with CO in benzene in the presence of PdCh to afford the /3-chloroacyl chloride 224[12,206]. The oxidative carbonylation of alkene in alcohol gives the q, f3-unsaturated ester 225 and /3-alkoxy ester 226 by monocarbonylation, and succinate 111 by dicarbonylation depending on the reaction conditions[207-209]. The scope of the reaction has been studied[210]. Succinate formation takes... 

Scope of oxidative carbonylation has been studied [83]. The synthesis of acrylic acid or its ester (116) from ethylene has been investigated in AcOH from the standpoint of its commercial production [84]. The carbonylation of styrene is a promising commercial process for cinnamate (117) [80,85,86]. Succinate formation occurs at room temperature and 1 atm of CO using Pd on carbon as a catalyst in the presence of an excess of CuCl2, although the reaction is slow (100% conversion after 9 days) [87],... 

Camarasa, C., Grivet, J., Dequin, S. (2003) Investigation by CNMR and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) deletion mutant analysis of pathways for succinate formation in Saccharomyces cere-visiae during anaerobic fermentation. Microbiology, 149, 2669-2678. 

Reminiscent of the succinate formation are intramolecular dialkoxycarbonyla-tions [33], e.g., of 3-butenols [34], and 4-pentenols [35] leading to the corresponding lactones. 

J. Macy, H. Kulla, G. Gottschalk, H2-de-pendent anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on L-malate succinate formation, J. Bacter-iol. 1976,125, 423-428. 

Glucose -> lactate + succinate + formate + + e (for E. coZZ-inoculated... 

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