Substrate size

A decrease in the pectic molecular weight by pectin lyase resulted in an increase in the activity of PAE (Figure 2). This could be caused by easier access of the enzyme to the substrate, but PAE is not limited in its action by the substrate size as was found for FAE. 

Figure 1.2. Substrate size comparison between Si wafers and glass substrates used in flat panel displays.

Figure 11.5 Filling up the binding subsites on a protein with increasing substrate size. This is achieved in practice by using substrates smaller than the natural one. [Modified from A. R. Fersht, Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12, 301 (1987).]...

The activation of carbonyl compounds by Lewis acid sites in the tin species has been proposed to play an important role in the oxidation reaction (Figure 5.11). The pore size of beta zeolite ( 6.5 A x 7.5 A) may pose some restrictions on the substrate size. For much bulkier substrates, a new tin-MCM-41 (pore size around 20 A) catalyst has been developed by the same research group [64]. 

Reaction rates by POS-PVA lipase gradually increased from C4 to C8, reached a plateau between C8 and 02, and then an activity decrease was observed, probably owing to a substrate-size feature limitation. From this set of results, caprylic acid (C8) maybe considered the best acyl donor for the synthesis of butyl esters in heptane by POS-PVA lipase. 

An important thermodynamic requirement for the homogeneous distribution of the organic gas phase in the close coupled showerhead is temperature uniformity, which also guarantees no unintended condensation of the organic material. Figure 9.3 depicts the temperature simulation of an Gen 2 OVPD showerhead suitable for substrate sizes of 400 mm x 400 mm. The showerhead is uniformly heated to 300 °C, whereas the chiller actively cools the substrate and the mask to 2 °C and to 3 °C, respectively, across the whole area. Both the mask and the substrate are in close contact and thereby actively cooled down across the whole area. 

In microporous supports or zeolites, catalyst immobilization is possible by steric inclusion or entrapment of the active transition metal complex. As catalyst retention requires the encapsulation of a relatively large complex into cages only accessible through windows of molecular dimensions, the term ship-in-a-bottle has been coined for this methodology. Intrinsically, the size of the window not only determines the retention of the complex, but also limits the substrate size that can be used. The sensitivity to diffusion limitations of zeolite-based catalysis remains unchanged with the ship-in-a-bottle approach. In many cases, complex deformation upon heterogenization may occur. 

Fig. 4.49 Twin tin oxide-based sensors for monitoring N02 and CO in automobile passenger compartments. NB alumina substrate size approximately 2x2.6x0.254 mm. (Adapted from Oto, K. et al. (2001), Sensors and Actuators, B77, 525-8.)...

Fig. 5.26 Multilayer ceramic thermal conduction module (a) underside showing connector pads - substrate size 90 x 90 x 6 mm (b) multilayer construction (c) silicon chip mounting positions (d) schematic diagram illustrating buried interconnections (e) thermal conduction module. (Courtesy of IBM Corp., East Fishkill.)...

The quantitative SECM theory has been developed for various heterogeneous and homogeneous processes and for different tip and substrate geometries [56-59]. Here, we survey the theory pertinent to an inlaid disk electrode (Fig. 5) approaching a flat substrate, which can be considered infinitely large as compared to the tip size. The case of finite substrate size was treated by Bard et al. [60]. The theory for nondisk tips (e.g., shaped as a cone or a spherical cap) is discussed in Refs. [12-14] and [58], and in Section IV.B.2. 

Notably, the Ce(iv)/EDTA complex shows remarkable substrate specificity. It effectively hydrolyzes polynucleotides and oligonucleotides that are longer than tetranu-cleotides. However, neither dinucleotides nor trinucleotides are hydrolyzed. Because of this characteristic, this complex had long been believed to be inactive for DNA hydrolysis. In addition to this specificity with respect to substrate size, this complex clearly differentiates between single- and double-stranded DNA. Thus, single-stranded DNA is efficiently hydrolyzed, but double-stranded DNA is hardly cleaved [13]. 

Substrate size 200-300 mm 100—max 200mm Smaller Production lower unit numbers... 

A best process to achieve a goal, as indicated by the above examples, is a combination of many factors including the type of electrical discharge, chemical and physical properties of the substrate, size and shape of the substrate, and ultimately... 

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