Subject minimum

After a single oral dose of 1 mg given to 10 subjects, peak plasma concentrations of 0.011 to 0.020 pg/ml (mean 0.015) were attained in about 1.75 hours. Following daily oral doses of 0.5 mg three times a day to the same subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.006 to 0.017 pg/ml (mean 0.011) and a mean maximum steady-state plasma concentration of 0.018 pg/ml were reported (R. B. Smith et al., Clin. Pharm., 1983,2,139-143). 

Following oral administration of 20 mg twice a day to 9 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.02 to 0.20 (ig/ml (mean 0.09), and erythrocyte concentrations of 0.01 to 0.06pg/ml (mean 0.03) were reported therapeutic effect appeared to correlate with erythrocyte concentrations in the range 0.03 to 0.06 pg/ml (R. Casper et al., Archs gen. Psychiat., 1980, 57, 301-305). 

Peak plasma concentrations of 0.010 to 0.026 pg/ml (mean 0.018) were reported 3 hours after administration of a single oral dose of 150 mg to 6 subjects (L. E. Hollister eta/., Clin. Pharmac. Ther., 1970,11, 49-59). Following daily oral doses of 200 to 600 mg to 10 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.002 to 0.122 pg/ml (mean 0.03) of chlorpromazine were reported monodesmethylchlorpromazine and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine plasma concentrations averaged 16% and 30% respectively of the chlorpromazine plasma concentration, but there were considerable intersubject variations (G. Alfredsson etal. Psychopharmacology, 1976,4< , 123-131). 

Following oral administration of 200 mg five times a day to 10 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.26 to 0.80 ig/ml (mean 0.4) were reported steady-state plasma concentrations of the sulphoxide metabolite ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 pg/ml (mean 0.12) (R. Larsson, Br. J. din. Pharmac., 1982,13,163-170). 

During daily oral dosing with 30 mg/kg to 7 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 4.5 to 14 pg/ml (mean 10) were reported following daily oral treatment with 60 mg/kg to 6 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 14 to 50 pg/ml (mean 30) were reported (O. Spetal., Clin. exp. Pharmac. Physiol., 1975,2,185-192). 

Following chronic oral doses of 100 to 400 mg daily to 14 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma-perhexiline concentrations of 0.35 to 2.8 pg/ml (mean 1.07) were reported steady-state plasma concentrations of the major monohydroxylated metabolite ranged from 1.25 to 7.4 pg/ml (mean 3.8). Steady-state plasma concentrations in 13 subjects who had been receiving similar daily doses but had developed toxic effects were ... 

Following a single oral dose of 2 g to 8 subjects, peak plasma concentrations of 7 to 32 pg/ml (mean 17) of sulphasalazine were attained in about 3 hours peak plasma concentrations of sulphapyridine averaged about 20 pg/ml (E. M. Ryde and J. J. Lima, Curr. ther. Res., 1981,29, 728-737). Following daily oral doses of 3 g to 6 subjects, minimum steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.04 to 0.34 pg/ml of 5-aminosalicylic acid and... 

There are no official specifications for obtaining a minimum level of engine cleanliness from a fuel. However, all additives in France are subject to approval by the Direction des Carburants (DHYCA), with the objective of having data that prove, first of all, the product to be harmless, and second, the product s effectiveness. Likewise, the automotive manufacturers, in establishing their specifications, set the minimum performance to be obtained by the fuel with regard to engine cleanliness. 

If there is insufficient data to describe a continuous probability distribution for a variable (as with the area of a field in an earlier example), we may be able to make a subjective estimate of high, medium and low values. If those are chosen using the p85, p50, pi 5 cumulative probabilities described in Section 6.2.2, then the implication is that the three values are equally likely, and therefore each has a probability of occurrence of 1/3. Note that the low and high values are not the minimum and maximum values. 

This is not to say that we deem these topics not to be important. On the contrary, we think that those interested in chemoinformatics should strive to obtain a basic knowledge of these subjects. We even think that all professionals in natural sciences and engineering should in future obtain a minimum of training in these fields during their studies. However, presentation here of those aspects of informatics would go beyond the scope of this book. 

In so doing, we obtain the condition of maximum probability (or, more properly, minimum probable prediction error) for the entire distribution of events, that is, the most probable distribution. The minimization condition [condition (3-4)] requires that the sum of squares of the differences between p and all of the values xi be simultaneously as small as possible. We cannot change the xi, which are experimental measurements, so the problem becomes one of selecting the value of p that best satisfies condition (3-4). It is reasonable to suppose that p, subject to the minimization condition, will be the arithmetic mean, x = )/ > provided that... 

The analogous procedure for a multivariate problem is to obtain many experimental equations like Eqs. (3-55) and to extract the best slopes from them by regression. Optimal solution for n unknowns requires that the slope vector be obtained from p equations, where p is larger than n, preferably much larger. When there are more than the minimum number of equations from which the slope vector is to be extracted, we say that the equation set is an overdetermined set. Clearly, n equations can be selected from among the p available equations, but this is precisely what we do not wish to do because we must subjectively discard some of the experimental data that may have been gained at considerable expense in time and money. 

The minimum physical intensity detected by a subject (40) who is not lequiced to identify but just detect the existence of stimuli. Value is ppm / air. 

The minimum ignition energy of Hquid acetylene under its vapor, when subjected to electrostatic sparks, has been found to depend on the temperature as indicated in Table 3 (86). Ignition appears to start in gas bubbles within the Hquid. 

Odors are measured by their intensity. The threshold value of one odor to another, however, can vary greatly. Detection threshold is the minimum physical intensity necessary for detection by a subject where the person is not required to identify the stimulus, but just detect the existence of the stimulus. Accordingly, threshold deterrninations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments and to estabflsh the level of odor control necessary to make a product acceptable (8). Concentration can also produce different odors for the same matenal. For example, indole (qv) in low concentrations has the smell of jasmine and a low threshold of perception. In high concentrations, it has a strong odor of feces and CX-naphthyl amine as well as a considerably higher threshold of perception. 

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