Structure and Properties of Phthalocyanines

Examples of other types of carbonyl pigment of industrial importance include the quinophthalone 4.24, Cl Pigment Yellow 138, a high performance greenish-yellow product, and the reddish-yellow iso-indoline. Cl Pigment Yellow 139, 4.25. 

The synthesis of carbonyl colorants uses a wide diversity of chemical methods, in which each individual product essentially requires its own characteristic route. This is in complete contrast to the S3mthesis of azo dyes and pigments (Chapter 3) where a common reaction sequence is universally used. The subject is too vast to attempt to be comprehensive in a text of this nature. The following section, therefore, presents an overview of some of the fundamental synthetic strategies that may be used to prepare some of the more important types of carbonyl colorant. 

The synthesis of anthraquinone colorants may effectively be envisaged as involving two general stages. The first stage involves the construetion of the anthraquinone ring system and in the second phase the anthraquinone nucleus is elaborated to produce the desired strueture. Frequently, the latter involves substitution reactions, but group interconversion and further cyclisation reaetions may also 

The formation of a DPP molecule was first reported in 1974 as a minor product in low yield from the reaction of benzonitrile with ethyl 

Hallas, in Colorants and Auxiliaries Organic Chemistry and Application Properties, ed. J. Shore, Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, 1990, vol. 1, ch. 6. 

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Dann, A.J., H. Hoshi, and Y. Mayurama (1990). The structure and properties of phthalocyanine films grown by the molecular beam epitaxy technique. I. Preparation and characterization. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1371. 

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