Stress rodent studies

Neuroendocrine determinants of stress have been found in rodent studies linking endothelial cell responses to hormonal regulation of the HS response (Blake et al., 1991). When rats are physically restrained some of their tissues elaborate HS genes. 

Animal studies, especially rodent studies, significantly contributed to the current knowledge on how genes, the environment, and their interaction may produce anxiety. As people with a high level of neuroticism respond more poorly to stress, certain inbred, selectively bred (28, 29), and knockout rodent strains (see below) have increased emotional reactions to stress... 

This suggestion receives support from the observation that chronic stress or glucocorticoid administration has been demonstrated to produce atrophy and death of vulnerable hippocampal neurons in rodents and primates. Furthermore, MRI studies have revealed reduced hippocampal volumes in patients with Cushing s disease... 

Supernumerary rib is an expected morphological observation in developmental toxicity studies and one of the most common skeletal variants in rodents and rabbits with highly variable incidence between species and strain. The interpretation of supernumerary rib data can be complex because not only is this a spontaneously occurring variant in normal fetuses but it is also induced in rats and mice by various experimental conditions, including increased maternal stress (27) or high dosages of xenobiotics (14, 28, 29). 

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