Strengthening of Glass

A wide range of problems have been studied, including chemical stability, the strengthening of glass, and the distribution of tin in the surface of float glass. 

Pincus, A.G. Holmes, T.R. Annealing and Strengthening of Glass Industry, Magazines for Industry, Inc. New York, 1977. 

Novotny V., The Strengthening of Glass (in Czech.), SNTL, Prague 1972 (Zpevnovani skla, SNTL, Praha). 

Sane, A. Y., and Cooper, A. R., 1987. Stress buildup and relaxation during ion exchange strengthening of glass. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 70, 86-89. 

The ion exchange or chemical strengthening of glass was almost abandoned for many years because of the high processing cost and long-duration process. In recent years, this method has been reconsidered because of the possibility of mechanical treatment after strengthening, the applicability to complicated shape and limited thickness components, and the absence of optical distortion [8]. 

Varshneya AK. Chemical strengthening of glass lessons learned and yet to be learned. International Journal of Applied Glass Science 2010 1(2) 131-142. 

J. Sehgal Mechanism and kinetics of photonucleation and strengthening of glass by light induced crystalUsation , PhD thesis, Alfred University, N.Y., 1992... 

Chemical Strengthening of Glass Ceramics by Li Exchange Before Crystallization... 

During the chemical strengthening of glasses above Tg, large Na+ or K" " ions from the glass surface layer are exchanged for smaller ions, Li+ and Na" ions, respectively, from a molten salt bath or a paste. This ion exchange causes... 

Measurement of Other 0[4ical Properties. Measurement of other optical properties such as strain-, electro-, magneto-, and acoustooptical effects involve specialized techniques beyond the scope of this chapter. The same is true for measurements of transmittance, refractive index profile, dispersion, and other important properties of optical communications fiber. Birefringence and strain-optical measurements will, however, be discussed in Chap. 6, in relationship to annealing and strengthening of glass. 

Chemical (ion exchange) strengthening of glass is discussed in Sec. 6.5.8. Examples of chemically strengthenable aluminosilicate glasses are Coming codes 0317,0331, and 0417 and PPG 947M. The composition of 0317 is listed in Table 6.11. 

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