Strain sensing

Flow meters have traditionally been classified as either electrical or mechanical depending on the nature of the output signal, power requirements, or both. However, improvement in electrical transducer technology has blurred the distinction between these categories. Many flow meters previously classified as mechanical are now used with electrical transducers. Some common examples are the electrical shaft encoders on positive displacement meters, the electrical (strain) sensing of differential pressure, and the ultrasonic sensing of weir or flume levels. 

Zhang R, Deng H, Valenca R, Jin J, Fu Q, Bilotti E, et al. Strain sensing behaviour of elastomeric composite films containing carbon nanotubes under cyclic loading. Composites Science and Technology. 2013 Ian 24 74(0) l-5. 

Hydrogen detection. Detection of hydrogen (H2) is based on its high solubility in palladium. H2-induced lattice expansion of Pd causes the latter to swell, changes its conductivity and refractive index. The swelling effect can be sensed with FBGs in strain sensing mode. 

Read IJ, Foote PD. Sea and flight trials of optical fibre Bragg grating strain sensing systems. Smart Mater Struct 2001 10(5) 1085—94. http //dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/5/325. 

After reviewing existing information [ ] on the use of strain gauges under conditions similar to those of interest here, it was decided that strain gauges using nickel-chromium (modified Karmat) strain-sensing foils were most applicable. 

Scilingo, E.R, F. Lorussi, A. Mazzoldi, and D. De Rossi. 2003. Strain-sensing fabrics for wearable kinaesthetic-like systems. IEEE Sensors J 3 460. 

Fu, X., Lu, W., and Chimg, D.D.L. (1998) Improving the strain-sensing abihty of carbon fiber-reinforced cement by ozone treatmerrt of the fibers. Cement and Concrete Research 28, 183-186. 

Xiaojun Wang, Xuli Fu, Chung DDL, Strain sensing using carbon fiber, J Mater Res, 14(3), 790-802, 1999. 

Application of fully distributed strain sensing technology in a slope model test... 

As fully distributed BOTDA sensors, the optical fiber has functions of sensing and data transmission. Using the newly developed PPP-BOTDA technology, the strain and temperature measurement accuracy can be increased to be 7 ie, and 0.3 °C, respectively, with a spatial resolution of 2 cm. Therefore, a high-accuracy slope strain sensing network can easily be constructed. The installation technique of this technology is relatively simple. The sensing fiber can be embedded in the slope mass or installed... 

The embedded BOTDA strain sensing fiber can measure the strain distributions within slope mass effectively. 

Daoud, W.A., Xin, J.H., Szeto, Y.S., 2005. Polyethylenedioxythiophene coatings for humidity, temperature and strain sensing polyamide fibers. Sensors and Actuators B Chemical 109 (2), 329-333. 

Figure 5.29. Strain sensing behavior of TPU + 3 wt% CNT fibers extruded at different temperatures, subjected to 15 loading cycles [69]...

Bilotti E, Zhang R, Deng H, Baxendale M and Peijs T (2010) Fabrication and property prediction of conductive and strain sensing TPU/CNT nanocomposite fibres, J Mater Chem 20 9449-9455. 

Lloyd, G.D. et al. Re-configurable, multi-channel, high-speed FBG strain sensing system for vibration analysis in oil risers. 17th Intern. Conf. on Optical Fibre Sensors (OFS-17), Bruges, Belgium, SPIE-Vol. 5855 (2005) pp. 218-221... 

Hazarika A, Maji TK (2014c) Strain sensing behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/nanoclay reinforced wood polymCT nanocomposite. Chem Eng J 247 33-41 Hazarika A, Maji TK (2014d) Thermal decomposition kinetics, flammability, and mechanical property smdy of wood polymtar nanocomposite. J Therm Anal Calorim 115 1679-1691 Hazarika A, Mandal M, Maji TK (2014) Dynamic mechanical analysis, biodegradability and thermal stability of wood polymer nanocomposites. Compos Part B 60 568-576 Hetzer M, Kee D (2008) Wootl/polymer/nanoclay composites, environmentally friendly sustainable technology a review. Chem Eng Res Des 86 1083-1093 Hill CAS, Abdirl KHPS, Hale MD (1998) A study of the potential of acetylation to improve the properties of plant fibres, frrd Crops Prod 8 53-63 Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi WY, Bahnemann W (1995) Environmental application of semiconductm photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95 69-96 Huda MS, Drzal LT, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2(K)6) Wood-fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites evaluation of the physicomechanical and morphological properties. J AppI Polym Sci 102 4856-4869... 

In this model, the chains are viewed as having zero cross-sectional area, and can pass through one another as phantoms [2, 9, 28, 29], The cross-links undergo considerable fluctuations in space, and in the deformed state these fluctuations occur in an asymmetric manner so as to reduce the strain below that imposed macroscopically. The deformation thus viewed is very non-affine. Because of this reduction in the strain sensed by the network chains, the modulus is predicted to be diminished relative to that in Eq. (1.16) by incorporation of the factor < 1 ... 

Friebele E J, Askins C G, Putnam M A et at, Distributed strain sensing with fibre Bragg grating arrays embedded in CRTM composite , Electron. Lett., 1994, 30, 1783-1784. 

Arie A, Lissak B and Tur M, Static fiber-Bragg grating strain sensing using frequency-locked lasers , IEEE J. Lightwave TechnoL, 1999, 17(10), 1849-55. 

Measures R M, Fiber optic strain sensing. In Fiber Optic Smart Structures, ed. E Udd, John Wiley, 1995. 

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