Stopping Power, Energy Loss, Range, and Straggling

3 Stopping Power, Energy Loss, Range, and Straggling 

Fitting of the data with the analytical formulas (Verelas and Biersack 1970) can be written as 

The range i of a charged particle in matter can be calculated using the relation 

The ranges of different particles (same initial velocity) for the same material can be compared by using the relation 

The first unified approach to the theory of stopping and ranges was made by Lindhard et al. (1963) and in known as LSS theory and is based on statistical models of atom-atom collisions. The primary advances were made by applying numerical methods. Rousseau et al. (1970) incorporated the more realistic Hartree-Fock atoms into the theory. The stopping and ranges of ions 

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