Stevenson

The cleaning process proceeds by one of three primary mechanisms solubilization, emulsification, and roll-up [229]. In solubilization the oily phase partitions into surfactant micelles that desorb from the solid surface and diffuse into the bulk. As mentioned above, there is a body of theoretical work on solubilization [146, 147] and numerous experimental studies by a variety of spectroscopic techniques [143-145,230]. Emulsification involves the formation and removal of an emulsion at the oil-water interface the removal step may involve hydrodynamic as well as surface chemical forces. Emulsion formation is covered in Chapter XIV. In roll-up the surfactant reduces the contact angle of the liquid soil or the surface free energy of a solid particle aiding its detachment and subsequent removal by hydrodynamic forces. Adam and Stevenson s beautiful photographs illustrate roll-up of lanoline on wood fibers [231]. In order to achieve roll-up, one requires the surface free energies for soil detachment illustrated in Fig. XIII-14 to obey... 

Gioumousis G and Stevenson D P 1958 Reactions of gaseous moiecuie ions with gaseous moiecuies. V. Theory J. Chem. Phys. 29 294-9... 

Abram I I, Auerbaoh R A, Birge R R, Kohler B E and Stevenson J M 1975 Narrow-line fluoresoenoe speotra of perylene as a funotion of exoitation wavelength J. Chem. Phys. 63 2473-8... 

Turkevioh J, Stevenson P C and Hillier 1951 A study of the nuoleation and growth prooesses in the synthesis of oolloidal gold Trans. Faraday Soc. 11 55... 

Stevenson, J.F., 1972. Elongational flow of polymer melts. AIChE. J. 18, 540-547. 

M. D. Stevenson, W. V. Piac2ewski, and R. A. Downey, paper presented at the SPE Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 28, 1993. 

C. E. Stevenson, The EBR-IIFuel Cycle Story, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, lU., 1987. 

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of ternary wax mixtures of (A) Comeflus paraffin 124, 91.2% flow (B) Ross ceresin, 1573/1 85.7% flow and (C) Stevenson spermaceti, 0.2% flow, at 37°C. Numbers in the diagram represent percent flow the dotted area shows where the waxes are not soluble in each other in the...

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