Stannous Chloride SnCl

Tin is reactive enough to displace hydrogen from dilute acids, but it does not tarnish in moist air. It reacts with warm hydrochloric acid to produce stannous chloride, SnCls, and hydrogen, and with hot concentrated sulfuric acid to produce stannous sulfate, SnS04, and sulfur dioxide, the equations for these reactions being... 

Both aliphatic and aromatic nitro-compounds can be readily reduced in acid solution to the corresponding primary amine. Thus when a mixture of nitrobenzene and tin is treated with hydrochloric acid, the tin dissolves to give stannous chloride, SnCh, which in these circumstances then reacts with more acid to give stannic chloride, SnCl, and the nascent hydrogen produced from... 

From nitriles by treatment with anhydrous Stannous chloride dissolved in ether saturated with hydrogen chloride the resulting crystaUine aldimine stannichloride, [(RCH=NHj)2] SnCl, or (RCH=NH,HCl)2SnCl4, is hydrolysed by warm water, and the aldehyde is isolated by distillation with steam or by extraction with a solvent (Stephen reaction), for example, for R = CH3(CH2)4, i.e., n-amyl ... 

To 1 molecule of a mononitro-compound, i atoms of tin, or 3 molecules of stannous chloride, are therefore used. In calculating tire amount of the latter necessary for a reaction, it is to be remembered that the salt crystallises with two molecules of water (SnCl,+ 2H,0). If the reduction is to be effected by metallic tin, double the above quantity is frequently used, i.e. to 1 nitro-group, 3 atoms of tin. In this case, the tin is not converted into stannic chloride, but into stannous chloride ... 

Volumetrically tellurium may be determined by several methods (1) Tellurous acid is oxidized to telluric by permanganate either in acid solution 3 or alkaline solution.4 (2) Tellurous acid in hydrochloric acid solution is reduced by an excess of standard stannous chloride, according to the reaction TeCl< + 2 SnCU — Te + 2 SnCL. The excess stannous chloride is determined iodometrically.5 (3) Telluric acid may be reduced to tellurous by the use of potassium bromide in sulfuric acid solution, thus H2TeO< + 2 HBr = H2TeO + H20 + Br2. The bromine is distilled into a solution of potassium iodide, the liberated iodine being determined by standard thiosulfate.6... 

Stannous chloride 4123 SnCl Dlchloride of tin muriate of tin protochloride of tin tin crystals. 

It can also be shown that the reactions of stannic chloride [92] and germanium tetrachloride [93] with potassium give chemiluminescence due to stannous chloride with SnCl and germanium dichloride respectively. The detailed spectroscopic analyses allow a reassessment [94] of the primary chemiluminescence mechanism of Heller and Polanyi... 

Without reference to Pschorr and Hoppe, Steven in 1925, in the context of a new aldehyde synthesis, prepared indole in 55% yield from o-nitrophenylacetonitrile using anhydrous stannous chloride and gaseous hydrogen chloride (Scheme 2, equation 1) [2]. The reduction of the nitrile proceeds to form initially the aldimine stannic chloride complex ([RCH=NH HClJ SnCl ), which can be isolated. 

To expand the number of possible catalysts for the addition reaction, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, ferric chloride, stannous and stannic chloride were evaluated. Only the latter compound proved to be an effective catalyst, producing the desired adduct with isopropyl alcohol at 40 C reaction temperature. The SnCl had been reported by... 

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