Stages general reactions

Betaines may be considered to be the intermediate products in the displacement of the C—O fragment from the P—C—O—B system, whereas the addition of aldehydes to the P—C—O—B system constitutes the first stage. This reaction is due to the fact that phosphorus and boron atoms can change their coordination reversibly and convert into the tetra-coordinated state. The displacement of one aldehyde by another is carried out in a solvent or in excess aldehyde. In general this reaction is represented by the following scheme [Eq. (107)]. 

Finally, we note that carbon balance closures are generally poorer in the alcohols than in water. A control experiment in which the entire reaction was carried out without sample collection, and another in which reactor and contents were carefully weighed at each stage of reaction, offered no hint as to the fate of lost GO or products. We measured gas formation in the reactor headspace and found < 1% of initial carbon present as gaseous products, primarily methane. We suspect that glycerol and alcohols are forming ethers at the elevated reaction temperatures, and that these ethers are not detected in HPLC. We are continuing efforts to better understand interactions of the solvents with substrates and reaction products. 

Until recently the major problems in the study of combustion have been analytical since it is essential to determine products in the earliest stages of reaction when secondary reactions involving products can be shown to be unimportant. Generally this implies reactant consumptions below 0.1 or 1%. Only gas chromatography is capable of adequate sensitivity, selectivity, and quantitative accuracy under these conditions. However, even gas chromatography has not been able to deal effectively with the analysis of peroxides, and there is need for more work in this field. 

Reactions (2) and (3) were first proposed by Trautz.424 Reaction (4) was suggested by Trautz and Schleuter427 but not utilized until much later by Ashmore and co-workers.7,10,11,13 Reactions (5)-(7) were proposed by Johnston and co-workers226,229,355 specifically for the fluorine case. Steady-state assumptions for the intermediates X2NO, XNO, and X give the general rate law for the early stage of reaction... 

The second type of heterogeneously catalysed reaction subject to external diffusion control behaves quite differently. Where the catalysis is strong enough for the reaction to be almost at equilibrium on the surface, the rate constant will contain both diffusion and thermodynamic terms. Equation (60) for unimolecular reactions is one example and another is eqn. (62) which applies to the initial stages of a general reaction. In the latter case [79]... 

The general reaction shown in Eq. (1-8) can be modified and carried out in stages to produce fairly high-molecular-weight polymers without terminal epoxy groups ... 

The evaluation of AGd is of considerable interest. In the general case, when equilibrium does not prevail, the mole numbers n, are arbitrary. If at any fixed stage the reaction = 0 is advanced infinitesimally and reversibly at constant T... 

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