Stage terminology

It is useful, though, to express these results also in equilibrium-stage terminology. From that approach, the result corresponding to equation (9-97) is... 

The terminology of L-B films originates from the names of two scientists who invented the technique of film preparation, which transfers the monolayer or multilayers from the water-air interface onto a solid substrate. The key of the L-B technique is to use the amphiphih molecule insoluble in water, with one end hydrophilic and the other hydrophobic. When a drop of a dilute solution containing the amphiphilic molecules is spread on the water-air interface, the hydrophilic end of the amphiphile is preferentially immersed in the water and the hydrophobic end remains in the air. After the evaporation of solvent, the solution leaves a monolayer of amphiphilic molecules in the form of two-dimensional gas due to relatively large spacing between the molecules (see Fig. 15 (a)). At this stage, a barrier moves and compresses the molecules on the water-air interface, and as a result the intermolecular distance decreases and the surface pressure increases. As the compression from the barrier proceeds, two successive phase transitions of the monolayer can be observed. First a transition from the gas" to the liquid state. 

In recent years the extended controversy concerning the appropriate terminology to use in studies of plant responses to stressful environments (e.g. Kramer, 1980 Levitt, 1980 Harper, 1982) has often detracted attention from the identification and understanding of underlying principles. Despite this it is useful at this stage to outline the main concepts involved and attempt to provide a generally acceptable common framework for further discussions. 

In this chapter, we describe several ideal types of reactors based on two modes of operation (batch and continuous), and ideal flow patterns (backmix and tubular) for the continuous mode. From a kinetics point of view, these reactor types illustrate different ways in which rate of reaction can be measured experimentally and interpreted operationally. From a reactor point of view, the treatment also serves to introduce important concepts and terminology of CRE (developed further in Chapters 12 to 18). Such ideal reactor models serve as points of departure or first approximations for actual reactors. For illustration at this stage, we use only simple systems. 

The primary use of chemical kinetics in CRE is the development of a rate law (for a simple system), or a set of rate laws (for a kinetics scheme in a complex system). This requires experimental measurement of rate of reaction and its dependence on concentration, temperature, etc. In this chapter, we focus on experimental methods themselves, including various strategies for obtaining appropriate data by means of both batch and flow reactors, and on methods to determine values of rate parameters. (For the most part, we defer to Chapter 4 the use of experimental data to obtain values of parameters in particular forms of rate laws.) We restrict attention to single-phase, simple systems, and the dependence of rate on concentration and temperature. It is useful at this stage, however, to consider some features of a rate law and introduce some terminology to illustrate the experimental methods. 

Note Tandem mass spectrometry is also known as MS/MS or MS. The latter terminology elegantly allows for the expansion to multi-stage experimental setups, e.g., MS MS or generally MS . 

RechtschalFen, A. 8c A. Kales (1968). A manual of standardised terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. UCLA Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles. 

It was at this stage of the development of chemistry that the problems of terminology began. In 1807, the influential Swedish chemist Berzelius had proposed... 

We begin by reviewing perhaps the most fundamental selection rule in quantum chemistry. Let the functions f Vi form a basis of partner functions for irrep a, and similarly ipj for irrep /3. Let O denote an operator that commutes with all elements of the group Q O is a totally symmetric operator in the terminology of Sec. 1.4. At this stage, it should be noted, our basis functions can be one- or many-electron functions. Consider now the matrix element... 

---