Stadler

Stadler C and Sohmid F 1999 Phase behavior of grafted ohain moleoules influenoe of head size and ohain length J. Chem. Phys. 110 9697... 

The achiral triene chain of (a//-rrans-)-3-demethyl-famesic ester as well as its (6-cis-)-isoiner cyclize in the presence of acids to give the decalol derivative with four chirai centres whose relative configuration is well defined (P.A. Stadler, 1957 A. Escherunoser, 1959 W.S. Johnson, 1968, 1976). A monocyclic diene is formed as an intermediate (G. Stork, 1955). With more complicated 1,5-polyenes, such as squalene, oily mixtures of various cycliz-ation products are obtained. The 18,19-glycol of squalene 2,3-oxide, however, cyclized in modest yield with picric acid catalysis to give a complex tetracyclic natural product with nine chiral centres. Picric acid acts as a protic acid of medium strength whose conjugated base is non-nucleophilic. Such acids activate oxygen functions selectively (K.B. Sharpless, 1970). 

T. Stadler, J. MolHon, M.-C. Verdus, Y. Karamanos, H. Morvan, and D. Christiaen, eds.. Algal biotechnology, Elsevier AppHed Science PubHshers, Ltd., London, 1988. 

Meyer and Stadler state that nitrothiophene distils without decomposition at 22 -225°. 

Stadler et al. [150,151] have performed Monte Carlo simulations of this model at constant pressure and calculated the phase behavior for various different head sizes. It turns out to be amazingly rich. The phase diagram for chain length N = 1 and heads of size 1.2cr (cr being the diameter of the tail beads) is shown in Fig. 8. A disordered expanded phase is found as well as... 

FIG. 8 Phase diagram of a Langmuir monolayer in a model of grafted stiff Lennard-Jones chains. LE denotes a disordered expanded phase, LC-U a condensed phase with untilted chains, LC-NN and LC-NNN condensed phases with collective tilt towards nearest neighbors and next-nearest neighbors, respectively, and LC-mod a phase which has a superstructure and an intermediate direction of tilt. (From Stadler and Schmid [151].)... 

However, Stadler et al. argue that the intensity of the satelhte peaks which would be indicative of the superstructure is so low that they could not possibly be detected in X-ray measurements with the usual experimental resolution. Phases with intermediate tilt directions have been reported [16,17]. 

J. Stadler, R. Mikulla, H.-R. Trebin. IMD a software package for molecular dynamics studies on parallel computers. Int J Mod Phys C 5 1131, 1997. 

F. Seel, Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding, 4th edn. translated and revised by N. M. Greeiwood and H. R Stadler, Methuen, London, 1963, pp. 83-4. 

The contributions of J. Furthmiiller, P. Kackell, K. Seifert, R. Stadler, and R. Pocl-loucky to various parts of the work described in this article is gratefully acknowledged. Part of this work has been supported by the Bundesministerium fiir Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst through the Center for Computational Materials Science. 

Richardson, B. P., Engel, G., Donatsch, P., and Stadler, P. A. (1985). Identification of serotonin M-receptor subtypes and their specific blockade by a new class of drugs. Nature 316 126-131. 

Kappe CO, Stadler A (2002) Microwave-assisted combinatorial chemistry. In Loupy A (ed) Microwaves in organic synthesis. Whey, Weinheim... 

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