Stable focus regime

When pK > 4(32 holds, the singular point remains stable, Reei, 2 < 0, but the roots (2.1.16) have imaginary parts Imei = Im ei. In this case the phase portrait reveals a stable focus - Fig. 2.2. This regime results in damped oscillations around the equilibrium point (2.1.24). The damping parameter pK/(3 is small, for large 3, in which case the concentration oscillation frequency is just ui = y/pK. ... 

Fig. 8.1. Phase portraits of the Lotka-Volterra model for d = 3 (a) Unstable focus (re = 0.9) (b) Stable focus (re = 0.2) (c) Concentration oscillations during the steady-state formation (re = 0.1) (d) Chaotic regime (re = 0.05). The values of the distinctive parameter are shown.

In Ref. [76] we showed that the necklace conformations can exist also in the presence of counterions and that they exhibit a variety of conformational transitions as a function of density. The end-to-end distance was found to be a non-monotonic function of concentration and showed a strong minimum in the semi-dilute regime. Here we have found for short chains a collapse of each chain into a globular stable state which repel each other due to their remaining net charge. The focus of a more recent work was to analyze, by extensive computer simulations in detail, three possible experimental observables, namely the form factor, the structure factor and the force-extension relation, which can be probed by scattering and AFM techniques [77]. The details of the simulation techniques can be found in Refs. [76, 77]. 

The toxicology of CN is complex (Ballantyne and Salem, 2008 Wismer, 2012). The lethal effect of cyanide is blockage of cytochrome C oxidase, which results in loss of electron transfer, and molecular oxygen is not utilized. In addition to cytochrome C, other cytochromes are adversely affected by forming complexes with the cytochrome iron. The oxidized cytochrome-CN complexes are stable, but the complex is relatively unstable in a reductive environment. The instability of the cyto-chrome-CN" complex in a reductive environment is the focus of the majority of treatment regimes. 

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