St. Claire Deville

Deville (1) The first commercial process for making aluminum metal. Molten sodium aluminum chloride was reduced by heating with metallic sodium. Invented by H. E. St-Claire Deville and operated around 1854 to 1890. Superseded by the Hall-Heroult process. See also Cowles. 

Deville and Debray A process for extracting the platinum metals from their ores. The ore is heated with galena (lead sulfide ore) and litharge (lead oxide) in a reverberatory furnace. The platinum forms a fusible alloy with the metallic lead, which is also formed. Invented by H. E. St-Claire Deville and H. J. Debray. 

All the silica present in the bauxite was converted to insoluble sodium aluminosilicate, which represented a loss of sodium and aluminum. The aluminum hydroxide was calcined to the oxide, and the sodium carbonate solution was concentrated for re-use. The process was developed by H. E. St-Claire Deville in the 1860s the carbon dioxide stage had been invented earlier by H. L. Le Chatelier. It was superseded by the Bayer process. 

Beilstein and Kuhlberg. .. in 1870. However, it may be that dinitrobenzene , m.p. 71°C obtained in 1841 by St. Claire-Deville. .. by the nitration of nitrobenzene prepared from light... 

Dinitrotoluene (2,4-) was first obtained by Beilstein andKuhlberg [21] in 1870. However, it may be that dinitrobenzene , m.p. 71°C obtained in 1841 by St. Claire Deville [25] by the nitration of nitrobenzene prepared from light oil, was in fact dinitrotoluene. As Rosensriel [26] found in 1872 p- nitrotoluene yields only one product of dinitration, viz. the 2,4-isomer, while o- nitrotoluene gives in addition another isomer, the structure of which he did not determine. 

Aluminum is a metal that came of age in the twentieth century. Its volume of production has grown from about 1/lOOth that of copper, lead, and zinc prior to 1900, to two to four times the volume of these more common nonferrous metals during the last century (Table 12.1). H.C. Oersted, in 1825 (Table 12.1) in Denmark, was the first to isolate aluminum in impure form by the reduction of aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam. Two years later in Germany, F. Wohler obtained higher purity metal and fully described its properties. H.E. St.-Claire Deville put aluminum production into commercial practice in France by 1845 using sodium fusion to reduce aluminum chloride (Eq. 12.1). 

The typical alloy, i.e. the alloy containing 90 % of copper and 10 % of aluminium, was studied in a very thorough manner by H. St. Claire Deville, more than sixty years ago, at which time it was still a precious metal, whose cost price was about 32 francs per kilogramme (11s. 9d. per lb.). 

Numerous investigations have been made since that of St. Claire Deville, particularly by H. Le Chatelier, Campbell and Mathews, Guillet, Breuil, Gwyer, Carpenter and Edwards, Curry, Rosenhain, and afterwards Portevin and Amon. 

The French chemist, Henri St. Claire Deville was the first to obtain pure aluminium. In 1854, he prepared the double chloride NaCl.AlCl3, and, by heating this with sodium, succeeded in isolating pure aluminium. 

The need for commercial water softeners prompted attempts to synthesize zeolites. These were not successful, although St Claire Deville (1862) claimed to be able to make levyne. The early attempts at zeolite synthesis have been extensively reviewed by Morely and IngersolR (1937). Lack of available, definitive, characterization methods makes it difficult to confirm their work. 

Gives method of analysis and discusses method of St. Clair Deville (Annales., 38). Says it is one of the most accurate in analytical chemistry. Separates beryllium from iron by reducing iron in platinum tube in a current of hydrogen and then volatilizing in a current of HCl. Aluminum and beryllium not efifected. See 1850, Rivot. 

The synthesis of zeolites can be traced back to the nineteenth century, when Jean-Baptiste Guimet was able to produce an artificial version of the highly valued and expensive natural pigment ultramarine, an aluminosilicate sodalite containing polysulfides in its cavities. For this discovery he was awarded a French national prize in 1828. In 1862 another French chemist, St Claire Deville, synthesised an analogue of levyne... 

The eleetrodeposition of silicon has a long history [93], dating back in the 19th century, when St. Claire DeVille [99-101], in 1854, produced the first crystalline silicon. In the same... 

Zeolite synthesis occurs in aqueous alkaline media, often at temperatures above 100 C. The first claim to have made a named zeolite, levynite, was that of St. Claire Deville in 1862 [44]. Solutions of Na-and K-silicates were heated in sealed glass tubes to 170 C, and tabular, hexagonal crystals were formed which had the composition... 

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