Spreading of liquids

Bowers MB, Mudawar I (1994) High flux boiling in low flow rate, low pressure drop mini-channel and micro-channel heat sinks. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 37 321-332 Cox RG (1986) The dynamics of the spreading of liquids on a solid surface. Part 1 Viscous flows. J Fluid Mech 168 169-194... 

Dussan EBV (1979) On the spreading of liquids on solid surfaces static and dynamic contact lines. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 11 371 00... 

A drainage system includes a containment system using solid, impermeable floors with perimeter features (curbing, floor slope, or trenches) to limit and control the spread of liquids and a collection system (floor drains or trenches, catch basins, sumps, piping, and manholes) to direct the liquids into a gravity drain system that routes them to an appropriate location out of the unit. 

Wagner, H.D. (1990). Spreading of liquid droplets on cylindrical surfaces Accurate determination of contact angle. J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1352-1355. 

Harkins WD, Feldman AJ (1922) Films - spreading of liquids and the spreading coefficient. J Am Chem Soc 44 2665-2685... 

M. Voue, M. P, Valignat, G. Oshanin, A. M. Cazabat, and J. De. Coninck, Dynamics of spreading of liquid microdroplets on substrates of increasing surface energies, Langmuir 14, 5951-5958 (1998). 

These surfactants can lower the surface tension of water, y, to values below 20 mN m-1 (most surfactants lower y to values in the region of 30 mN ur1) and hence they are sometimes described as superwetters. They are very useful for enhancing the wetting and spreading of liquids on solid substrates. 

Surface features. The surfaces of a few structured packings are smooth (e.g., Fig. 8.10a,g). Most structured packings have a roughened or enhanced surface that assists the lateral spread of liquid, promotes film turbulence, and enhances the area available for mass transfer. Laboratory measurements of absorption rates showed that both mass transfer efficiency and wetted area are enhanced by texturing metal surfaces (28). The extent to which mass transfer was improved varied with the type of texturing used. Texturing employed by... 

Redistributors and wall wipers counteract the spread of liquid toward the wall. There is uncertainty regarding their effectiveness in keeping the liquid off the walls of randomly packed towers (144). It appears that their main value is in promoting lateral mixing (Sec. 9.2.3). In structured packings, well-designed wall wipers were shown (67) to effectively keep liquid off the wall. 

Zisman, W. A., Relation of Chemical Constitution to the Wetting and Spreading of Liquids on Solids, NRL Rept. 4932 (May 15, 1957) Decade of Basic and Applied Science in the Navy, Office of Naval Research, Rept. ONR-2, 30 (1957). 

Apel-Paz M, Marmur A. (1999) Spreading of liquids on rough surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 146 273-279. 

The spreading of liquids on filter paper, depending on capillarity, has been studied by Holmgren, Schmidt, and Prosad and Ghosh,i and the capillary... 

The action at these interfaces includes interfacial tensions, adsorption, the spreading of liquids on surfaces, insoluble surface films, and the catalytic activity of various solid surfaces for many types of chemical reactions. 

In addition to these pressure drop models, models to represent spreading of liquid in packed beds because of spatial variation in flow resistance are needed. In a randomly packed bed, the void fraction is not uniform. This implies that some flow channels formed within a packed bed offer less resistance to flow than other channels of equal cross-sectional area. Liquid will tend to move toward channels of lower resistance, leading to higher liquid hold-up in such channels. Thus, even if the initial liquid distribution is uniform, inherent random spatial variation of the bed leads to non-uniform liquid flow. Yin et al. (2000) assumed that the dispersion coefficient for liquid phase volume fraction is linearly proportional to the adverse gradient of... 

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