Sprayers axial

In all API sotrrce desigrts described so far, the spray device is in axial positiorr, or only slightly off-axis, relative to the sampling orifice or capillary. Hiraoka et al. [19] described an ESI sorace, where the sprayer is orthogonally positioned relative to the sampling orifice. This design allows higher flow-rates to be used. 

Table 3.8 summarises the deposition of spray on soil surface underneath apple trees in orchards. When spraying apple trees in full leaf, spray deposition on the ground is on average 25% (18-35%), (Heer and Schut, 1986 Crum and de Heer, 1991 Porskamp et al., 1994a, 1994/ Ganzelmeier and Osteroth, 1994 Heijne et al., 1995). Spray deposition on the soil is not significantly different between axial and cross-flow sprayers, but tunnel sprayers (Zande et al., 1998) can decrease soil deposition by 50%. When trees are not in leaf, spray... 

Cross JV, 1991. Deposits on apple leaves from medium volume, low volume and very low volume spray applications with an axial fan sprayer. In Air-assisted Spraying in Crop Protection. BCPC Monograph, No. 46, pp. 263-268. 

Walklate PI, Richardson GM, Cross IV and Murray RA, 2000. Relationship between orchard tree crop structure and performance characteristics of an axial fan sprayer, Aspects of Applied Biology, 57, 285-292. 

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