Spontaneous symmetry breaking interactions

The theories that should feature prominently in the understanding of chemical effects have been summarized in this volume, without demonstrating their application. The way forward has been indicated by Primas [67] and in the second volume of this work the practical use of modern concepts such as spontaneous symmetry breaking, non-local interaction, bohmian mechanics, number theories and space-time topology, to elucidate chemical effects will be explored. The aim is to stimulate renewed theoretical interest in chemistry. 

This interaction is SU(2)l x U(1)y symmetric. Upon spontaneous symmetry breaking, the electrons acquire mass. If we use the vacuum value of the Higgs field, the Lagrangian density reduces to... 

The principle of local invariance in a curved Riemannian manifold leads to the appearance of compensating fields. Like the electromagnetic field, which is the compensating field of local phase transformation, the gravitational field may be interpreted as the compensating field of local Lorentz transformations. In modern physics all interactions are understood in terms of theories which combine local gauge invariance with spontaneous symmetry breaking. 

The presence of instantons in QCD vacuum very strongly affects light quark properties, owing consequent generation of quark-quark interactions. These effects lead to the formation of the massive constituent interacting quarks. This implies spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry (SBCS), which leads to the collective massless excitations of... 

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