Spontaneous Change Entropy and Gibbs Energy

13-1 Entropy Boltzmann s View 13-2 Entropy Change Clausius s View 13-3 Combining Boltzmann s and 

Clausius s Ideas Absolute Entropies 13-4 Criterion for Spontaneous Change The Second Law of Thermodynamics 

13-6 Ai-C and K as Functions of Temperature 13-7 Coupled Reactions 13-8 Chemical Potential and Thermodynamics of Spontaneous Chemical Change 

Thermodynamics originated in the early nineteenth century with attempts to improve the efficiency of steam engines. However, the laws of thermodynamics are widely useful throughout the field of chemistry and in biology and physics, as we discover in this chapter. 

Our everyday experiences have conditioned us to accept that certain things happen naturally in one direction only. For example, a bouncing ball eventually comes to rest on the floor, but a ball at rest will not begin to bounce. An ice cube placed in hot water eventually melts, but a glass of water will not produce an ice cube and hot water. A shiny iron nail rusts in air, but a rusty nail will not naturally shed its rusty exterior to produce a shiny nail. In this chapter, we explore concepts needed to understand why change happens naturally in one direction only. 

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Chapter 13 Spontaneous Change Entropy and Gibbs Energy... 

In this edition we retain the core organization of the previous edition with two notable exceptions. First, we have moved the chapter entitled Spontaneous Change Entropy and Gibbs Energy forward in the text. It is now Chapter 13. By moving the introduction of entropy and Gibbs energy forward in the text, we are able to use these concepts in subsequent chapters, cond, we have moved the chapter on chemical kinetics to Chapter 20. Consequently, the discussion of chemical kinetics now appears after the chapters that rely on equilibrium and thermodynamic concepts. 

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