Spine Stability

Dystrophic neurites show decreased spine density and decreased spine stabilization with increasing proximity to the plaque core [20]. Ca2+-sensi-tive dyes reveal a profound elevation in Ca2+ in neurites that are closer to the plaque core [21]. The cause of this Ca2+ dysregulation is unknown, but it is interesting that host defense mechanisms associated with NPs,... 

Grutzendler J, Kasthuri N, Gan WB (2002) Long-term dendritic spine stability in the adult cortex. Nature 420 812-816. 

The Contamination Reduction Zone (also known as the wamn or yellow zone) is where victims and rescuers are decontaminated before undergoing further medical assessment and prehospital care. Patients in the Exclusion and Contamination Reduction Zones will generally receive only mdimentary first aid such as cenrical spine stabilization and placement on a backboard. 

Load-sharing properties of the lumbar spine stabilized with a posterior fixation system. (Reprinted with permission... 

Kaycic N, Grenier S, McGill SM (2004) Quantifying tissues loads and spine stability while performing commonly prescribed low back stabilization exercises. Spine 29(20) 2319-2329. 

Souza GM, Baker LL, Powers CM. Electromyographic activity of selected trunk muscles during dynamic spine stabilization exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 82 1551-7... 

On the other hand, according to Kopka et al.158), a zig-zag spine of hydration in the minor groove of the B-DNA 1561 is assumed to be mainly responsible for stabilizing its conformation and a 100% occupancy of the hydration sites in the A + T region has been found. Each first water molecule of this hydration-spine is close to two 0-1 atoms of desoxyribose-rings (Fig. 22). 

Hering, H., Lin, C. C. and Sheng, M. Lipid rafts in the maintenance of synapses, dendritic spines, and surface AMPA receptor stability. /. Neurosci. 23 3262-3271, 2003. 

In this chapter, we present several examples of structural models for amyloid fibrils, which we group into general classes. None of these general model classes can completely explain the common properties of amyloid and amyloid-like fibrils however, the Gain-of-Interaction models with a cross-/ spine seem most consistent with what is known. These models combine the structural aspect of the cross-/ spine with the specificity of sequence-dependent interactions to explain the observed diffraction, stability, and self-only association of amyloid fibrils. It is also possible... 

Kasai H, Matsuzaki M, Noguchi J, et al (2003) Structure-stability-function relationships of dendritic spines. Trends Neurosci 26 360-368... 

The water pentagons in the major groove of A-DNA do not appear to have a significant influence on the stabilization of this DNA conformation. Otherwise, polymers with alternating A-T sequence such as poly(dA-dT) should occur preferentially in the A-form. Because this polymer favors the B-form, the spine of hydration is probably a stronger stabilizer of structure than the water pentagons. 

Finally, the Rac-GEF PPIX has been shown to be regulated by NMDAR activation and to be critical for activity-dependent synaptogenesis. In particular, Saneyoshi et al. demonstrated that CaMK kinase (CaMKK)/CaMKI and PPIX form a signaling complex in spines, in which CaMKK/CaMKI phosphorylates and stimulates the GEF activity of PPIX to enhance Rac activity and promote forma-tion/stabilization of mushroom-shaped spines (Saneyoshi et al., 2008). Key effectors mediating the effects of Rac on spine morphogenesis and potentially synaptic function include group 1 PAK kinases and the WAVE proteins, and are further discussed in Section 2.2. 

Sfakianos MK, Eisman A, Gourley SL, Bradley WD, Scheetz AJ, Settleman J, Taylor JR, Greer CA, Wilhamson A, Koleske AJ (2007) Inhibition of Rho via Aigand pl90RhoGAP in the postnatal mouse hippocampus regulates dendritic spine maturation, synapse and dendrite stability, and behavior. J Neurosci 27 10982-10992... 

---