Spectrofluorimetry applications

Initial attempts by Baker et al. [ 160] to determine the nonsystemic triphenyl tin-based fungicide fentin by HPLC were unsuccessful due to a lack of sensitivity and interference by coextractives. They therefore decided to investigate the applicability of spectrofluorimetry to this determination. Different extraction procedures are described for vegetables and cocoa products. For potatoes, for example, the grated potato is dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and then Soxhlet-extracted with dichloromethane. 

Kingsley, G. R., Clinical chemistry. Anal. Chem. 43, 15R-41R (1971). Kirkbright, G. F., The application of non-flame atom cells in atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Analyst London) 96, 609-623 (1971). Kirkbright, G. F., Saw, C. G., and West, T. S., Determination of trace amounts of tellurium by inorganic spectrofluorimetry at liquid nitrogen temperature. Analyst London) 94, 457-460 (1969). 

Because of the biological and pharmaceutical interest in phenothiazine derivatives, these compounds have been used in a variety of analytical studies and applications. For a number of years, several analytical methods have been proposed by various groups for the determination of phenothiazine and its derivatives in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [51-54], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [55-58], spectrofluorimetry, either direct or with derivatization [59-64], flow-injection analysis (FIA) [10,65-73] and other techniques [11,74-76]. 

This article provides some general remarks on detection requirements for FIA and related techniques and outlines the basic features of the most commonly used detection principles, including optical methods (namely, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, chemiluminescence (CL), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and atomic absorption/emission spectrometry) and electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and stripping analysis methods. Very few flowing stream applications involve other detection techniques. In this respect, measurement of physical properties such as the refractive index, surface tension, and optical rotation, as well as the a-, //-, or y-emission of radionuclides, should be underlined. Piezoelectric quartz crystal detectors, thermal lens spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and conductometric detection have also been coupled to flow systems, with notable advantages in terms of automation, precision, and sampling rate in comparison with the manual counterparts. 

The application of XRF to the determination of Se in very small blood [105] and blood serum samples [106] has been reported. Spectrofluorimetry and Zeeman-corrected, stabilized-temperature, platform-furnace AAS have been compared [107] for the determination of Se in milk. 

Gorskii, S.M. and Il ieheva, K.V., Spectrofluorimetry and speetrophotometry of biological fluids, 4-th All-Union workshop on application of luminescence analysis in medicine and biology and its hardware implementation Proceedings, Moscow 1992, p. 9 (in Russian). 

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