Spasticity disorders

There have been a number of studies to evaluate the therapeutic effect of carmabinoids against spastic disorders, including multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. For example, a randomised placebo-controlled trial in more than... 

Biliary tract For spastic disorders of the biliary tract. Given in conjunction with a narcotic analgesic. 

The therapeutic use of botulinum toxin for ophthalmic purposes and for local muscle spasm was mentioned in Chapter 6. Local facial injections of botulinum toxin are widely used for the short-term treatment (1-3 months per treatment) of wrinkles associated with aging around the eyes and mouth. Local injection of botulinum toxin has also become a useful treatment for generalized spastic disorders (eg, cerebral palsy). Most clinical studies to date have involved administration in one or two limbs, and the benefits appear to persist for weeks to several months after a single treatment. Most studies have used type A botulinum toxin, but type is also available. 

Benzodiazepines are used to treat insomnia and for the acute treatment of epileptic seizures, convulsive disorders, and spastic disorders such as cerebral palsy,... 

Faigle JW, Keberle H, Degen PH. Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of baclofen. In Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, editors. Spasticity Disordered Motor Control. Chicago Year Book, 1980 461-75. 

Mj receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of spastic disorders of the gastroin-testin, urogenital and respiratory tract as well as for the relief of glandular hypersecretion [21-24],... 

Food-borne botulism results from the ingestion of food contaminated with preformed toxins or toxin-producing spores from C. bo-tulinum. C. botulinum poisoning is relatively rare only 110 cases are reported per year in the United States. Botulism is almost always associated with improper preparation or storage of food. Seven distinct toxins (A to G) have been described. The toxins, which are produced by the bacteria and released on lysis, are the most potent biologic or chemical toxins known to humans. The toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine at the peripheral cholinergic nerve terminal. Toxin activity has prompted the use of minute locally injected doses to treat select spastic disorders, such as blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and certain dystonias. ... 

It is employed in the symptomatie eontrol and management of Parkinson s disease. It has also been used in the treatment of acute spastic disorders of the skeletal muscles caused hy trauma, tension, and vertebral disk dislocation. It is also used alleviate the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by drugs, e.g., reserpine and phenothiazine derivatives. 

Sjogren, T., and Larsson, T. (1957). Oligophrenia in combination with congenital ichthyosis and spastic disorders. A clinical and genetic study. Acta Psychiatr. Neurol Scand., 32 (Suppl. 113), 1... 

---