Spacer modifications Specificity

Chemical modification of a membrane surface can be used in combination with spacers and periodic applications of bioacids [70]. The paper by Redondo, however, is short on specifics (e.g., details of chemical modification of aromatic polyamides membrane surface), and therefore not very useful to those looking for insights into membrane fouling. 

Less frequently, functional spacers such as diamino-alkylene [106] or disulfide-alkylene segments [109] have been used. Specific reactions performed on the reactive sites of both spacers allow for the chemical modification of liquid-crystalline polymers [114]. The possibility of establishing correlations between the liquid-crystalline behavior, as indicated by the transition temperatures, and the nature and relative properties of the mesogenic and flexible sequences is, therefore, a central issue in designing and developing liquid-crystalline polymers of this type. 

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