Southern Annular Mode

Cyclical phenomena, such as ENSO events, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the North Pacific Oscillation, and a phenomenon in the Southern Ocean called the Southern Annular Mode, have important impacts on the solubility pump. This was illustrated for the ENSO events in Figure 25.5b. These oscillations are all sensitive to global climate change. In the case of the Southern Ocean, the impact of climate change on circulation is complicated by the zonation associated with the polar and subpolar frontal boundaries (Figure 10.10). As a result, some parts of the Southern Ocean are expected to respond differently than others to changes in increases and meridional overturning circulation rates. 

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