Solution grown

Equilibria considerations on solution-grown zinc chalcogenide compounds have been put forward by Chaparro [28] who examined the chemical and electrochemical reactivity of solutions appropriate for deposition of ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe (and the oxide ZnO) in order to explain the results of recipes normally used for the growth of such thin films. The author compared different reaction possibilities and analyzed the composition of solutions containing zinc cations, ammonia, hydrazine, chalcogen anions, and dissolved oxygen, at 25 °C, by means of thermodynamic diagrams, applicable for concentrations usually employed in most studies. 

Kainthla RC, Pandya DK, Chopra KL (1982) Structural and optical properties of solution grown CdSei xSx films. J Electrochem Soc 129 99-102... 

Figure 14.9. Schematic of a solution-grown nanorod/nanotube array (e.g., ZnO), which can be coupled with a light absorbing polymer to produce a functional organic-inorganic photovoltaic device. 

Solution-grown zinc oxide nanowires by Greene etal. (2006). Strategies for growing ZnO nanowires from zinc salts in aqueous and organic solvents are reviewed. 

J. D. Holmes, K. P. Johnston, R. C. Doty, and B. A. Korgel, Control of thickness and orientation of solution-grown silicon nanowires. Science 287, 1471-1473 (2000). 

Preparation of solution-grown crystals (including so-called single crystals ) of linear polymers [2-4,8,10-13]... 

Quantification of stacking faults in the solution-grown single crystals [31]... 

Kokai J, Rakhshani AE (2004) Photocurrent spectroscopy of solution-grown CdS films annealed in CdCE vapour. J Phys D 37 1970-1975... 

Figure 1.13. Crystal structure of solution-grown pentacene along (a) the c-axis and (b) the fe-axis. Pl,a = 0.790 nm, b = 0.606 nm, c = 1.601 nm, a = 101.9°, P = 112.6°, y = 85.8°. Crystallographic data from Campbell et al, 1961. See Table 1.10 for comments on the values of the lattice parameters. Crystal structure of p-6P (c) c-planes along their long molecular axis and (d) along the fe-axis. P2i /c, a = 2.624 nm, b = 0.557 nm, c = 0.809 nm, p = 98.17°. Crystallographic data from Baker et al, 1993. Crystal stmcture of o -6T (e) fee-plane and (f) projection along the c-axis. P2ifn,a = 4.471 nm,fe = 0.785 nm,c = 0.603 nm,jS = 90.76°. Crystallographic data from Horowitz et al, 1995.

Li Lian, K. Tsukamoto, and I. Sunagawa, Impurity adsorption and habit changes in aqueous solution grown in KCl crystals,/. Crystal Growth, 99,1990,1156-61... 

Table 1. Three-component analysis of the spectrum at 20 °C for solution-grown samples with different molecular weights...

Similar deviation was also recognized by Berg inarm14 for solution-grown samples. This will be caused by the elementary spectrum used for the broad component. Detailed discussion is outside the scope of this review. 

We have found by examining the spectrum for the solution-grown samples at room temperature that their phase structure is composed of lamellalike crystallites and an amorphous overlayer having limited molecular mobility, with a very small amount of liquidlike amorphous content. This unique phase structure is reflected in more detail in the temperature dependence of the spectrum. 

Our broad-line XH NMR analysis showed that this type of sample generally consists of the phase structure of lamellar crystallites and noncrystalline overlayer with a negligible amount of the noncrystalline amorphous phase [16,62]. In broad-line H NMR spectra of solution-grown linear polyethylene samples, a narrow component that suggests the existence of a liquid-like amorphous phase is hardly recognized. In Table 2, the three-component analysis of the broad-line XH NMR spectra of linear polyethylene samples with different molecular weights that were crystallized isothermally from 0.08% toluene solution at 85 °C for 24 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere is summarized. 

The mass fraction of the narrow component that corresponds to the rubbery noncrystalline amorphous phase is as small as 0.003-0.006. The mass fraction does not increase appreciably with increasing temperature, but stays almost unchanged up to 70 °C. Hence, it is concluded that solution-grown samples do not actually comprise a rubbery amorphous phase. This conclusion is confirmed by high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR with more detailed information. 

Fig. 12. 50 MHz DD/MAS 13C NMR spectrum of solution-grown polyethylene with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 91,000 at room temperature. The spectrum was obtained by pulse sequence I (shown in Fig. 1) with the repetition time,t = 1,500 s...

For this cycloalkane, the Tic s of the methylene carbons in the folded sequence are estimated to be 35-39 s at room temperature and become shorter with increasing temperature [66]. Hence, the Tic s for the regularly folded methylene sequence in polyethylene, if it exists, will be appreciably shorter than 35 s at room temperature, and much shorter than ca. 220 s of the inner methylene carbons of polyethylene (cf. Table 1). Hence, if we measure the DD/CP 13C NMR spectrum of the solution-grown polyethylene sample by a single pulse sequence with a rep-... 

Multilayer crystals with a central screw dislocation were commonly seen. A micrograph of a beautiful solution-grown multilayer crystal with regularly rotated terraces was presented by Keller [38]. This mechanism to multiply a single crystal layer into many crystal layers is important for the crystal growth from the melt to form spherulites. 

Figure 12 shows that the fold of the 110 sector yields stems inclined to the lamellar normal. Regular folds have been identified in solution-grown crystals by infrared spectroscopy from the detailed spectrum of the CH2... 

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