Soluble dyes categories

Indigoid soluble dyes, 7 373t Indigo vat dye, 9 181 Indirect-arc furnaces, 12 297—298 Indirect coal liquefaction, 6 858-867 Indirect cooler evaporators, 21 537 Indirect extrusion, copper, 7 693 Indirect food additives, 12 29, 34 categories of, 12 31 Indirect-gap semiconductors, 14 837 ... 

The water-soluble reactive phthalocyanine dyes (see Section 2.8) yield brilliant turquoise and green shades not available from any other dye category. The most important reactive phthalocyanine dyes contain copper or nickel as their central atom they are substituted with sulfonic acid groups and also with reactive groups joined via sulfonamide bridges. An example is C.I. Reactive Blue 15, 74459 [12225-39-7] (23) ... 

Similar to ink-jet dyes, dyes used for writing, drawing and marking materials fall into two categories water soluble dyes for aqueous inks and dyes for solvent inks [1,5]. Dyes are listed according to application in Tables 5.9-5.13. Many of these dyes can also be used for ink jet applications. However, ink jet dyes have to satisfy more stringent criteria with regard to purify and salt content. 

The following soluble dyes fall into the category of inherently thermochromic dyes. These materials are molecules that are chemically altered by the addition of heat and display a concurrent color change. Researchers at Akzo Nobel have synthesized several infrared-absorbing azamethine dyes that possess the general formula of Scheme 18. 

Over 50 methods have been employed in the literature to determine CMC values of bile salt solutions (reviewed in [6]). These can be divided into two broad categories (a) methods requiring no physical or chemical additive in the bulk solution and (b) methods involving the use of an additive in the bulk solution. The former methods, also called non-invasive, include surface tension and the measurements of a variety of colligative bulk properties (conductivity, turbidimetry, osmometry, self-diffusion, refractive index, modal volumes, electrometric force) or electromagnetic bulk properties (NMR, sound velocity and adsorption, etc.), all as functions of bile salt concentration. The second set of methods, also called invasive, depends upon a change in some physical or chemical property of an additive which occurs with the formation of micelles. These include the spectral change of a water-soluble dye, micellar solubilization of a water-insoluble dye, interfacial tension at liquid-liquid interfaces, and partition coefficients between aqueous and immiscible non-polar phases. Whereas a detailed discussion of the merits and demerits of both approaches can be found elsewhere [6], non-invasive methods which are correctly utilized provide the most reliable CMC values. 

To this category belong, e.g., homogeneous photocatalytic systems based on soluble metal complexes or organic dyes as photocatalysts. Instructive examples are photoreactions assisted by heteropolyacids (HPAs), transition meal complexes with carbonyl, phosphine or some other ligands, and metal porphyrins. 

Tracers (40, 41) are used primarily to estimate volumetric sweep and to locate steam channels. The tracer should not react with the reservoir. The four main categories of tracers are radioisotopes (e.g., tritium and krypton), which are used in steam floods salts (e.g., sodium bromide and sodium nitrate) fluorescent dyes (e.g., uranian) and water-soluble alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol). The surfactant itself may be used as a tracer. Its concentration at production wells may be determined by using methods such as liquid chromatography, colorimetry, and titration. 

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